Editing Markov chain (section)

===Biology===
Markov chains are used in various areas of biology. Notable examples include:
* [[Phylogenetics]] and [[bioinformatics]], where most [[models of DNA evolution]] use continuous-time Markov chains to describe the [[nucleotide]] present at a given site in the [[genome]].
* [[Population dynamics]], where Markov chains are in particular a central tool in the theoretical study of [[matrix population models]].
* [[Neurobiology]], where Markov chains have been used, e.g., to simulate the mammalian neocortex.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=George |first1=Dileep |first2=Jeff |last2=Hawkins |year=2009 |title=Towards a Mathematical Theory of Cortical Micro-circuits|journal=PLOS Comput Biol |volume=5|issue=10|pages=e1000532|doi=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000532 |editor1-last=Friston |editor1-first=Karl J.|pmid=19816557|pmc=2749218|bibcode=2009PLSCB...5E0532G |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* [[Systems biology]], for instance with the modeling of viral infection of single cells.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gupta|first1=Ankur|last2=Rawlings|first2=James B.|date=April 2014|title=Comparison of Parameter Estimation Methods in Stochastic Chemical Kinetic Models: Examples in Systems Biology |journal=AIChE Journal|volume=60|issue=4|pages=1253–1268|doi=10.1002/aic.14409 |pmc=4946376|pmid=27429455|bibcode=2014AIChE..60.1253G }}</ref>
* [[Compartmental models in epidemiology|Compartmental models]] for disease outbreak and epidemic modeling.