Editing Open access (section)

==== Representativeness in proprietary databases ====
Uneven coverage of journals in the major commercial citation index databases (such as [[Web of Science]], [[Scopus]], and [[PubMed]])<ref name="Mongeon 2016">{{Cite journal |last1=Mongeon |first1=Philippe |last2=Paul-Hus |first2=Adèle |year=2016 |title=The Journal Coverage of Web of Science and Scopus: A Comparative Analysis |journal=Scientometrics |volume=106 |issue=1 |pages=213–228 |arxiv=1511.08096 |doi=10.1007/s11192-015-1765-5 |s2cid=17753803}}</ref><ref name="Falagas 2008b">{{Cite journal |last1=Falagas |first1=Matthew E. |last2=Pitsouni |first2=Eleni I. |last3=Malietzis |first3=George A. |last4=Pappas |first4=Georgios |year=2008 |title=Comparison of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar: Strengths and Weaknesses |journal=The FASEB Journal |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=338–342 |doi=10.1096/fj.07-9492LSF |doi-access=free |pmid=17884971|s2cid=303173 }}</ref><ref name="Harzing 2016">{{Cite journal |last1=Harzing |first1=Anne-Wil |last2=Alakangas |first2=Satu |year=2016 |title=Google Scholar, Scopus and the Web of Science: A Longitudinal and Cross-Disciplinary Comparison |journal=Scientometrics |volume=106 |issue=2 |pages=787–804 |doi=10.1007/s11192-015-1798-9 |s2cid=207236780 |url=https://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/18511/1/gsscowos.pdf |access-date=27 March 2021 |archive-date=23 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623222207/https://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/18511/1/gsscowos.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Ràfols 2016">{{Cite SSRN |title=On the Dominance of Quantitative Evaluation in 'Peripheral" Countries: Auditing Research with Technologies of Distance |last=Robinson-Garcia |first=Nicolas |last2=Chavarro |first2=Diego Andrés |date=28 May 2016 |ssrn=2818335 |last3=Molas-Gallart |first3=Jordi |last4=Ràfols |first4=Ismael}}</ref> has strong effects on evaluating both researchers and institutions (e.g. the UK [[Research Excellence Framework]] or [[Times Higher Education World University Rankings|Times Higher Education ranking]]<ref group="note">Publications in journals listed in the WoS has a large effect on the UK [[Research Excellence Framework]]. Bibliographic data from Scopus represents more than 36% of assessment criteria in [[Times Higher Education World University Rankings|THE rankings]].</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=England |first=Higher Funding Council of |title=Clarivate Analytics will provide citation data during REF 2021 - REF 2021 |url=https://www.ref.ac.uk/news/clarivate-analytics-will-provide-citation-data-during-ref-2021/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831011423/https://www.ref.ac.uk/news/clarivate-analytics-will-provide-citation-data-during-ref-2021/ |archive-date=31 August 2020 |access-date=4 January 2020 |website=Higher Education Funding Council for England |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2018 |title=World University Rankings 2019: methodology |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/world-university-rankings-2019-methodology |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211120737/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/world-university-rankings-2019-methodology |archive-date=11 December 2019 |access-date=4 January 2020 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}</ref>). While these databases primarily select based on process and content quality, there has been concern that their commercial nature may skew their assessment criteria and representation of journals outside of Europe and North America.<ref name="TenMyths" /><ref name="Alperin 2017" /> At the time of that study in 2018, there were no  comprehensive, open source or non-commercial academic databases.<ref name="Okune 2018">{{Cite book |last1=Okune |first1=Angela |last2=Hillyer |first2=Rebecca |last3=Albornoz |first3=Denisse |last4=Posada |first4=Alejandro |last5=Chan |first5=Leslie |chapter=Whose Infrastructure? Towards Inclusive and Collaborative Knowledge Infrastructures in Open Science |year=2018 |title=22nd International Conference on Electronic Publishing |volume=Connecting the Knowledge Commons: From Projects to Sustainable Infrastructure |doi=10.4000/proceedings.elpub.2018.31 |doi-access=free}}</ref> However, in more recent years, [[The Lens]] emerged as a suitable outside-paywalls universal academic database.