Editing Science and technology in China (section)

=== Military technology ===

{{See also|Chinese cyberwarfare}}
One example of new Chinese military technology is the [[DF-21D]] [[anti-ship ballistic missile]] which reportedly has contributed to a quick and major change in US naval strategy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usni.org/forthemedia/ChineseKillWeapon.asp|title=Report: Chinese Develop Special "Kill Weapon" to Destroy U.S. Aircraft Carriers - U.S. Naval Institute|work=usni.org|access-date=March 2, 2012|archive-date=January 21, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121141828/http://www.usni.org/news-and-features/chinese-kill-weapon}}</ref> China is developing [[anti-satellite weapon]]s and plans to make the navigational [[Beidou system]] global by 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.space.com/14697-china-space-program-military-threat.html|title=China's Space Advances Worry US Military|work=Space.com|date=February 28, 2012}}</ref> Other new technologies include [[Anti ballistic missile#People's Republic of China|Chinese anti ballistic missile]] developments, the [[Chengdu J-20]] [[fifth-generation jet fighter]], and possibly [[electromagnetic pulse]] weapons.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16588557|title=How China is advancing its military reach|work=BBC News | date=18 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/jul/21/beijing-develops-radiation-weapons/?page=all|title=Report: China building electromagnetic pulse weapons for use against U.S. carriers|work=The Washington Times}}</ref> Chinese [[reconnaissance satellite]]s are, according to a 2011 report, almost equal to those of the United States in some areas in which China had almost no capability a decade earlier.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/cf83817a-abaa-11e0-8a64-00144feabdc0.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210201203/https://www.ft.com/content/cf83817a-abaa-11e0-8a64-00144feabdc0|archive-date=December 10, 2022|url-access=subscription|title=China's 'eye-in-the-sky' nears par with US|work=Financial Times|date=July 11, 2011|access-date=April 13, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite increased defense spending, China's share of the world's import of arms is rapidly falling, in part reflecting the increased abilities of the indigenous military production.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-03-18/china-buys-fewer-weapons-as-local-industry-expands-sipri-says.html|title=China's Share of Global Arms Imports Falls, Sipri Says|author=Daniel Ten Kate|date=18 March 2012|work=Bloomberg.com}}</ref>  China is also developing [[power projection]] military capabilities such as through the [[Chinese aircraft carrier programme|Chinese aircraft carrier program]] and the [[Type 071 amphibious transport dock]].

15-28% of governmental R&D expenditures may go to military research according to some unofficial estimates. The Chinese defense sector remains almost completely state-owned but military equipment production has been reorganized into corporate bodies allowing limited competition and the defense patent system has been reformed to allow greater rewards to innovative enterprises and individuals. The organizational structure has shed civilian applications while at the same time cooperation with the civilian sector has increased and state supported civilian research sometimes have [[dual use]] applications.<ref name="Centra2011" /> Chinese [[jet engine]]s remains a problematic area that has caused concern at the highest levels with China still being largely dependent on imports from foreign manufacturers. One possible explanation is a continued Soviet style fragmentation of the research and production line into many isolated units having little contact with one another causing problems with overall standardization, integration, and quality control. More problems from this may be duplication of efforts, dispersal of efforts, and unproductive competition over patronage causing problems such as dishonest reporting of problems. High precision jet engines may be particularly sensitive to accumulated quality problems.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2012/05/14/is-china-about-to-get-its-military-jet-engine-program-off-the-ground/?mod=google_news_blog|title=Is China About to Get Its Military Jet Engine Program Off the Ground?|work=WSJ | date=14 May 2012}}</ref>

==== History of China's hydrogen bomb ====
China became a nuclear power in the 1960s.<ref name=":152" />{{Rp|page=356}} China successfully tested a [[hydrogen bomb]] on June 17, 1967, at Lop Nur Nuclear Weapon Test Base, in Malan, Xinjiang (also known as "Test No. 6"). China became the fourth country to have successfully developed a [[thermonuclear weapon]] after the [[United States]], [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United Kingdom]]. The device was dropped from a [[Xian H-6|Hong-6]] (Chinese manufactured [[Tu-16]]) and was parachute-retarded for an airburst at 2960 meters. The bomb was a three-stage device with a boosted [[Uranium-235|U-235]] primary and [[Uranium-238|U-238]] pusher. The [[Nuclear weapon yield|yield]] was 3.3 [[TNT equivalent|megatons]].

It was a fully functional, full-scale, three-stage [[hydrogen bomb]], tested 32 months after China had made its first fission device. China thus produced the shortest fission-to-fusion development known in history. China had received extensive technical help from the Soviet Union to jump-start their nuclear program, but by 1960, the rift between the Soviet Union and China had become so great that the Soviet Union ceased all assistance to China.<sup>[[Test No. 6|[1]]]</sup> Thus, the Number 6 test was indeed an independent endeavor, after the induced military and economic sanctions enacted by the superpowers at the time, the United States and the Soviet Union.

China's H-bomb was different from the traditional [[History of the Teller–Ulam design|Teller-Ulam configuration]]. As an advantage, it was completed without the calculations needed from supercomputers, which would consume a lot of time. To shrink the size of the weapon, the reflectors were made parabolic with the solid fusion fuel located at the foci. It is also known as Yu Min Design (or Yu-[[Deng Jiaxian|Deng]] Design) as Yu Min made major contributions including the solutions to a series of fundamental and critical theoretical problems of nuclear weapons, which led to breakthrough of the unique hydrogen bomb.

The goal of China was to produce a thermonuclear device of at least a megaton in yield that could be dropped by an aircraft or carried by a ballistic missile. Several explosions to test thermonuclear weapon designs, characteristics and yield boosting preceded the thermonuclear test.<sup>[[Test No. 6|[1]]]</sup>