Editing Textile (section)

== Finishing ==
[[File:Old method of Bleaching Figure 20 Appleton 1884.tif|thumb|right|Early method of bleaching cotton and linen goods on lawns]]
The fabric, when it leaves a loom or knitting machine, is not readily usable. It may be rough, uneven, or have flaws like skewing. Hence, it is necessary to finish the fabric. Finishing techniques enhance the value of the treated fabrics.{{sfn|Smith|1982|p=6}} After manufacturing, textiles undergo a range of finishing procedures, including bleaching, dyeing, printing, as well as mechanical and chemical finishing.<ref name="Choudhury-2017" />

=== Coloration ===
Textiles are often [[dyeing|dyed]], with fabrics available in almost every [[Color of clothing|colour]]. The dyeing process often requires several dozen gallons of water for each pound of clothing.<ref>Green Inc. Blog [http://greeninc.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/21/cutting-water-use-in-the-textile-industry/ "Cutting Water Use in the Textile Industry."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724170857/http://greeninc.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/21/cutting-water-use-in-the-textile-industry/ |date=24 July 2009 }} ''[[The New York Times]]''. 21 July 2009. 28 July 2009.</ref> Coloured designs in textiles can be created by weaving together fibres of different colours ([[tartan]] or Uzbek Ikat), adding coloured stitches to finished fabric ([[embroidery]]), creating patterns by [[resist dyeing]] methods, tying off areas of cloth and dyeing the rest ([[tie-dyeing]]), drawing wax designs on cloth and dyeing in between them ([[batik]]), or using various printing processes on finished fabric. [[Woodblock printing]], still used in India and elsewhere today, is the oldest of these dating back to at least 220 CE in China. Textiles are also sometimes [[bleach]]ed, making the textile pale or white.

==== Color matching ====
In textiles, color matching extends beyond selecting the appropriate dyestuffs or pigments and combining them in precise proportions to achieve the desired end product color.<ref name="Becker Color Matching">{{cite book |doi=10.1016/B978-0-323-39395-9.00038-4 |chapter=Color Matching |title=Color Trends and Selection for Product Design |date=2016 |last1=Becker |first1=Doreen |pages=183–184 |isbn=978-0-323-39395-9 }}</ref> Meeting criteria for fastness, cost, and quality is also essential. This process plays a critical role in materializing a designer's concept into an actual product.<ref name="Becker Color Matching" />

=== Finishes ===
Textile finishing is the process of converting the loomstate or raw goods into a useful product, which can be done mechanically or chemically. Finishing is a broad term that refers to a variety of physical and chemical techniques and treatments that finish one stage of textile production while also preparing for the next. Textile finishing can include aspects like improving surface feel, aesthetical enhancement, and adding advanced chemical finishes.<ref name="Choudhury-2017" /> A finish is any process that transforms [[Greige goods|unfinished products]] into finished products.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hollen |first1=Norma R. |url=http://archive.org/details/isbn_9780023675300 |title=Textiles |last2=Hollen |first2=Norma R. Textiles |date=1988 |location=New York |publisher= Macmillan |isbn=978-0-02-367530-0 |pages=2}}</ref> This includes mechanical finishing and chemical applications which alter the composition of treated textiles (fiber, yarn or fabric.)

Since the 1990s, with advances in technologies such as [[permanent press]] process, [[Finishing (textiles)|finishing]] agents have been used to strengthen fabrics and make them wrinkle free.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ask.yahoo.com/ask/20010315.html |title=What makes fabric "wrinkle-free"? Is it the weave or a special type of fiber? |publisher=Ask.yahoo.com |date=15 March 2001 |access-date=2011-12-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117025006/http://ask.yahoo.com/ask/20010315.html |archive-date=2012-01-17}}</ref> More recently, [[nanomaterials]] research has led to additional advancements, with companies such as Nano-Tex and NanoHorizons developing permanent treatments based on metallic [[nanoparticle]]s for making textiles more resistant to things such as water, stains, wrinkles, and pathogens such as bacteria and fungi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tms.org/pubs/journals/jom/0507/byko-0507.html |title=The Materials Science and Engineering of Clothing |publisher=Tms.org |access-date=2011-12-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121161232/http://www.tms.org/pubs/journals/jom/0507/byko-0507.html |archive-date=2012-01-21}}</ref>

Textiles receive a range of treatments before they reach the end-user. From [[formaldehyde]] finishes (to improve crease-resistance) to biocidic finishes and from flame retardants to dyeing of many types of fabric, the possibilities are almost endless. However, many of these finishes may also have detrimental effects on the end user. A number of disperse, acid and reactive dyes, for example, have been shown to be allergenic to sensitive individuals.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1468-3083.2004.00967.x |title=Textile dermatitis in patients with contact sensitization in Israel: A 4-year prospective study |year=2004 |last1=Lazarov |first1=A |journal=Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=531–7b |pmid=15324387 }}</ref> Further to this, specific dyes within this group have also been shown to induce purpuric contact dermatitis.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=12952748 |year=2003 |last1=Lazarov |first1=A |last2=Cordoba |first2=M |last3=Plosk |first3=N |last4=Abraham |first4=D |title=Atypical and unusual clinical manifestations of contact dermatitis to clothing (textile contact dermatitis): Case presentation and review of the literature |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=1 |journal=Dermatology Online Journal|doi=10.5070/D30KD1D259 }}</ref>

{{lang|de|[[Eisengarn]]}}, meaning "iron yarn" in English, is a light-reflecting, strong material invented in Germany in the 19th century. It is made by soaking cotton threads in a starch and paraffin wax solution. The threads are then stretched and polished by steel rollers and brushes. The result of the process is a lustrous, tear-resistant yarn which is extremely hardwearing.<ref name="history">[http://www.wuppertal.ihk24.de/servicemarken/branchen_neu/industrie/industrie_im_bs/902782/Textilstandort_Wuppertal.html ''Industriegeschichte aus dem Bergischen land''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814102306/http://www.wuppertal.ihk24.de/servicemarken/branchen_neu/industrie/industrie_im_bs/902782/Textilstandort_Wuppertal.html |date=14 August 2017 }} (in German). (Accessed: 27 November 2016)</ref><ref name="video">[http://digit.wdr.de/entries/5900?index=69&q=eyJ7aH0iOlsiezE2fSIsInsxYX0iXSwie2t9IjpbInsyMn0iXSwiezF9IjpbeyJmaWVsZCI6IiJ9XX0%3D&qt=search WDR digit project. ''Eisengarnfabrikation in Barmen''.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128050159/http://digit.wdr.de/entries/5900?index=69&q=eyJ7aH0iOlsiezE2fSIsInsxYX0iXSwie2t9IjpbInsyMn0iXSwiezF9IjpbeyJmaWVsZCI6IiJ9XX0%3D&qt=search|date=28 November 2016}} (Video (16 min) in German). (Accessed: 27 November 2016).</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Finishing techniques
!Finishing
!Fabrics
|-
|[[Gig-mill|Brushing]]
|Carpets, rugs, velvet, [[velour]], and [[velveteen]], referred to as pile fabrics, are made by interlacing a secondary yarn through woven cloth, creating a tufted layer known as a [[nap (fabric)|nap]] or [[pile (textile)|pile]].{{sfn|Elsasser|2005|p=196}}
|-
|[[Shearing (textiles)|Shearing]]
|"Shearing machine" is a machine equipped with shearing cylinder, ledger blade, fluff exhaust, and joint seam sensors. The machine operates similarly to a lawn mower.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Choudhury |first=A. K. Roy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0TamObsaaPQC&dq=shearing+process+in+textile&pg=PA138 |title=Textile Preparation and Dyeing |date=9 January 2006 |publisher=Science Publishers |isbn=978-1-57808-404-3 |pages=138 |language=en |access-date=2022-06-01 |archive-date=2023-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405081535/https://books.google.com/books?id=0TamObsaaPQC&dq=shearing+process+in+textile&pg=PA138 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Elsasser|2005|p=197}} [[Moleskin]] and [[velvet]] are sheared materials in which pile is cut to a certain level.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Denny |first=Grace G. (Grace Goldena) |url=http://archive.org/details/fabricshowtoknow00denn |title=Fabrics and how to know them;definitions of fabrics, practical textile tests, classification of fabrics |date=1923 |publisher=Philadelphia, London, J.B. Lippincott Company |others=The Library of Congress |pages=103}}</ref>
|}