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==Doping== {{Further|Doping in sport|List of doping cases in athletics}} [[File:Marion Jones 12.jpg|thumb|[[Marion Jones]], after admitting to doping, lost her Olympic medals, was banned from the sport, and spent six months in jail.]] Track and field athletes are banned from ingesting or using certain substances by governing bodies for the sport, from the national to the international level. The IAAF's constitution incorporates the [[World Anti-Doping Code]] among other anti-doping measures.<ref>[http://www.iaaf.org/mm/Document/Antidoping/Rules&Regulations/03/30/48/20100113104605_httppostedfile_Chap32010-2011_EN_17816.pdf IAAF Competition Rules 2010β11] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605072739/http://www.iaaf.org/mm/Document/Antidoping/Rules%26Regulations/03/30/48/20100113104605_httppostedfile_Chap32010-2011_EN_17816.pdf|date=5 June 2011}}. [[IAAF]]. Retrieved on 7 April 2010.</ref> Practices such as [[blood doping]] and the use of [[anabolic steroids]], [[peptide hormone]]s, [[stimulant]]s, or [[diuretics]] can give athletes a physical competitive advantage in track and field.<ref>[http://www.itftennis.com/antidoping/education/substances/ Banned Substances] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406101927/http://www.itftennis.com/antidoping/education/substances/ |date=6 April 2010 }}. [[International Tennis Federation]]. Retrieved 6 April 2010.</ref> The use of such substances in track and field is opposed on both ethical and medical grounds. Given that the sport functions by measuring and comparing athletes' performances, performance-enhancing substances create an uneven playing field β athletes who do not use doping substances have a disadvantage over rivals who do. Medically, the use of banned substances may have an adverse effect upon athletes' health. However, some exemptions are made for athletes who take banned substances for therapeutic use, and athletes are not sanctioned for usage in these cases,<ref name=AntiDopingRegs>[http://www.iaaf.org/mm/Document/Antidoping/Rules&Regulations/05/63/49/20100331073253_httppostedfile_2010Anti-DopingRegulations-Website-Final-Eng_19750.pdf IAAF Anti-Doping Regulation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605072954/http://www.iaaf.org/mm/Document/Antidoping/Rules%26Regulations/05/63/49/20100331073253_httppostedfile_2010Anti-DopingRegulations-Website-Final-Eng_19750.pdf|date=5 June 2011}}. [[IAAF]]. Retrieved on 7 April 2010.</ref> such as [[Kim Collins]]' failed drug test due to [[asthma]] medication.<ref>[http://sportscaribe.com/worldchamps/athletes/view_profile_92.html Kim Collins] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103220527/http://sportscaribe.com/worldchamps/athletes/view_profile_92.html|date=3 January 2010}}. Sports Caribe. Retrieved 7 April 2010.</ref> Athletes have historically been willing to take legal and health risks to improve their performance, with some even stating their willingness to risk their lives, as exemplified by research by Mirkin,<ref name=MirkinSMB>{{cite book |author=Mirkin, Gabe |title=The Sports Medicine Book |year=1978 |publisher=Little Brown & Co |isbn=9780316574365 |author2=Marshall Hoffman |url=https://archive.org/details/sportsmedicinebo00mirk}}</ref> Goldman<ref name=Goldman1992>{{cite book |author=Goldman, Robert |title=Death in the locker room: drugs & sports |year=1992 |publisher=Elite Sports Medicine Publications |isbn=9780963145109 |page=[https://archive.org/details/deathinlockerroo00gold/page/24 24] |edition=2 |author2=Ronald Klatz |url=https://archive.org/details/deathinlockerroo00gold/page/24}}</ref> and Connor<ref name=Connor2013>{{cite journal |author=Connor, James |author2=Jules Woolf |author3=Jason Mazanov |title=Would they dope? Revisiting the Goldman dilemma |journal=British Journal of Sports Medicine |date=January 2013 |volume=47 |issue=11 |pages=697β700 |doi=10.1136/bjsports-2012-091826 |pmid=23343717 |s2cid=32029739 }}</ref> in researching attitudes to the so-called [[Goldman's dilemma|Goldman dilemma]]. To prevent use of performance-enhancing substances, athletes must submit to [[drug test]]s that are conducted both in and out of competition by anti-doping officials or accredited medical staff.<ref name=AntiDopingRegs/> Penalized athletes are susceptible to higher testing upon return to competition. Athletes found to have taken substances on the [[World Anti-Doping Agency]]'s banned list receive sanctions and may be banned from competition for a period of time that corresponds to the seriousness of the infraction.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/wada-prohibited-list-2010-now-published |title=The 2010 Prohibited List |publisher=IAAF |access-date=7 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401010423/http://www.iaaf.org/mm/Document/Antidoping/Rules%26Regulations/05/52/78/20100112023517_httppostedfile_WADA_Prohibited_List_2010_EN_17798.pdf |archive-date=1 April 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> However, the use of substances not on the prohibited list may also result in sanctions if the substance is deemed similar to a banned substance in either composition or effect. Athletes may also be sanctioned for missing tests, seeking to avoid testing or tampering with results, refusing to submit to testing, through circumstantial evidence, or confession of use.<ref name=AntiDopingRegs/> Doping has played a significant part in the modern history of track and field. State-sponsored [[doping in East Germany]] with hormones and anabolic steroids marked the rise of women from [[East Germany]] in track and field from the late 1960s to the 1980s. A number of these women, such as [[Marita Koch]], broke world records and were highly successful at international competitions. Some athletes, who were following a doping plan from their teenage years, suffered significant health problems as a result of the regime.<ref>Turnbull, Simon (23 October 2005). [https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/athletics-under-the-microscope-321577.html Athletics: Under the microscope] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722000920/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/athletics-under-the-microscope-321577.html |date=22 July 2019 }}. ''[[The Independent]]''. Retrieved 21 July 2019.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Berendonk, Brigitte & W. Franke, Werner |year=1997 |url=http://clinchem.aaccjnls.org/content/43/7/1262.full |title=Hormonal doping and androgenization of athletes: a secret program of the German Democratic Republic government |journal=[[Clinical Chemistry (journal)|Clinical Chemistry]] |volume=43 |issue=7 |pages=1262β1279 |doi=10.1093/clinchem/43.7.1262 |pmid=9216474 |doi-access=free |access-date=22 July 2019 |archive-date=22 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722000019/http://clinchem.aaccjnls.org/content/43/7/1262.full |url-status=live }}</ref> A similar state-sponsored doping system was developed in the [[Soviet Union]]. According to British journalist [[Andrew Jennings]], a [[KGB]] colonel stated that the agency's officers had posed as anti-doping authorities from the [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC) to undermine [[doping test]]s and that Soviet competitors were "rescued with [these] tremendous efforts".<ref name=DG2011>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0292739575|title= Drug Games: The International Olympic Committee and the Politics of Doping|first= Thomas M.|last= Hunt|year= 2011|publisher= University of Texas Press|isbn= 978-0292739574|page= 66 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/the-1980-moscow-olympics-rank-as-the-cleanest-in-history-athletes-recall-how-the-u-s-s-r-cheated-the-system-/30741567.html |title=The 1980 Olympics Are The 'Cleanest' In History. Athletes Recall How Moscow Cheated The System. |last1=Aleksandrov |first1=Alexei |last2=Aleksandrov |first2=Grebeniuk |last3=Runets |first3=Volodymyr |publisher= |date=22 July 2020 |website=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |access-date=26 December 2021 |archive-date=24 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224182116/https://www.rferl.org/a/the-1980-moscow-olympics-rank-as-the-cleanest-in-history-athletes-recall-how-the-u-s-s-r-cheated-the-system-/30741567.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Regarding the [[1980 Summer Olympics]], a 1989 Australian study said, "There is hardly a medal winner at the Moscow Games, certainly not a gold medal winner, who is not on one sort of drug or another: usually several kinds. The Moscow Games might as well have been called the Chemists' Games."<ref name= DG2011 /> In 2016, [[The New York Times]] published an article detailing the use of doping by the Soviets in preparation for the [[1984 Summer Olympics|1984 Olympics]].<ref name=nyt/> [[Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)|Ben Johnson]] ran a new world record in the 100 metres at the [[Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics β Men's 100 metres|1988 Seoul Olympics]] but was later banned for using anabolic steroids.<ref name="times">{{Cite news |last=Slot, Owen |date=22 September 2003 |title=Ambition, naivety and tantalising prospect of inheriting the world |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/ambition-naivety-and-tantalising-prospect-of-inheriting-the-world-32v6h0c5lzd |work=The Times |location=London}}</ref> In the mid-first decade of the 21st century, the [[BALCO Scandal]] eventually resulted in the downfall of prominent sprinters such as [[Marion Jones]] and [[Tim Montgomery]], among others, through their usage of banned substances.<ref>{{cite news |author=Holt, Sarah |date=6 December 2004 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/front_page/4067449.stm |title=Stars dimmed by Balco's shadow |publisher=[[BBC Sport]] |access-date=22 July 2019 |archive-date=5 November 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051105020138/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/front_page/4067449.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> The revelation state-sponsored [[doping in Russia]] led to an international ban on all its athletes in 2016, with Russians having to apply to the IAAF to compete as [[Authorised Neutral Athletes]] at events such as the [[2016 Summer Olympics]] and [[2017 World Championships in Athletics]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/mar/06/iaaf-russia-athletes-banned |author=Ingle, Sean |title=Why the IAAF must ensure Russia remains banned for Rio Olympics |date=6 March 2016 |access-date=22 July 2019 |archive-date=25 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425200623/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/mar/06/iaaf-russia-athletes-banned |url-status=live }}</ref> Doping has affected countries on all continents and has occurred in individual, team and national settings.
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