Editing Women's rights (section)

==== Birth control ====
{{Main|Birth control}}
[[File:Birth Control Review 1919.jpg|upright=1.1|thumb|Cover of the 1919 ''Birth Control Review'', published by [[Margaret Sanger]]. In relation to "How shall we change the law?" Sanger wrote "...women appeal in vain for instruction concerning contraceptives. Physicians are willing to perform abortions where they are pronounced necessary, but they refuse to direct the use of preventives which would make the abortions unnecessary... "I can't do it – the law does not permit it.""<ref>{{Cite journal| last = Sanger| first = Margaret| title = How Shall we Change the Law| journal = Birth Control Review| issue = 3| pages = 8–9| date = July 1919| url = http://jackiewhiting.net/Women/Mother/SangerBCreview.htm}}</ref>]]
In the early 20th century ''[[birth control]]'' was advanced as alternative to the then fashionable terms ''family limitation'' and ''voluntary motherhood''.<ref name="Wilkinson Meyer 2004 184"/><ref name="Galvin"/> The phrase "birth control" entered the English language in 1914 and was popularised by [[Margaret Sanger]],<ref name="Wilkinson Meyer 2004 184">{{Cite book| last = Wilkinson Meyer| first = Jimmy Elaine| title = Any friend of the movement: networking for birth control, 1920–1940| publisher = Ohio State University Press | year = 2004| page = 184| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bdl78Y2eRcEC&q=birth+control+history+margaret+sanger| isbn = 978-0-8142-0954-7 }}</ref><ref name="Galvin">{{Cite journal| last = Galvin| first = Rachel| title = Margaret Sanger's "Deeds of Terrible Virtue"| journal = National Endowment for the Humanities| url = http://www.neh.gov/news/humanities/1998-09/sanger.html| access-date = 24 October 2010| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101229235642/http://www.neh.gov/news/humanities/1998-09/sanger.html| archive-date = 29 December 2010| url-status = dead}}</ref> who was mainly active in the US but had gained an international reputation by the 1930s. The British birth control campaigner [[Marie Stopes]] made [[contraception]] acceptable in Britain during the 1920s by framing it in scientific terms. Stopes assisted emerging birth control movements in a number of [[British colonies]].<ref>{{Cite book| last = Blue| first = Gregory |author2=Bunton, Martin P. |author3=Croizier, Ralph C.| title = Colonialism and the modern world: selected studies| publisher = M.E. Sharpe| year = 2002| pages = 182–83| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rZWy0O_4pRIC&q=Marie+Stopes+birth+control+movement| isbn = 978-0-7656-0772-0}}</ref> The birth control movement advocated for contraception so as to permit sexual intercourse as desired without the risk of pregnancy.<ref name="Gordon 2002 59"/> By emphasizing ''control'', the birth control movement argued that women should have control over their reproduction, an idea that aligned closely to the theme of the feminist movement. Slogans such as "control over our own bodies" criticised male domination and demanded women's liberation, a connotation that is absent from the [[family planning]], [[population control]] and [[eugenics]] movements.<ref name="Gordon 2002 297">{{Cite book| last = Gordon| title = The moral property of women: a history of birth control politics in America| publisher = University of Illinois Press| year = 2002| page = 297 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Hwh2wGplDc4C&q=voluntary+motherhood | isbn =  978-0-252-02764-2}}</ref> In the 1960s and 1970s the birth control movement advocated for the legalisation of abortion and large-scale education campaigns about contraception by governments.<ref name="Gordon 2002 1–2"/> In the 1980s birth control and population control organisations co-operated in demanding rights to contraception and abortion, with an increasing emphasis on "choice".<ref name="Gordon 2002 297"/>

Birth control has become a major theme in United States politics. Reproductive issues are cited as examples of women's powerlessness to exercise their rights.<ref name="Gordon 2002 295–296">{{Cite book| last = Gordon| title = The moral property of women: a history of birth control politics in America| publisher = University of Illinois Press| year = 2002| pages = 295–96 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Hwh2wGplDc4C&q=voluntary+motherhood | isbn =  978-0-252-02764-2}}</ref> The societal acceptance of birth control required the separation of sex from procreation, making birth control a highly controversial subject in the 20th century.<ref name="Gordon 2002 1–2">{{Cite book| last = Gordon| title = The moral property of women: a history of birth control politics in America| publisher = University of Illinois Press| year = 2002| pages = 1–2 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Hwh2wGplDc4C&q=voluntary+motherhood | isbn =  978-0-252-02764-2}}</ref> [[Birth control in the United States]] has become an arena for conflict between liberal and conservative values, raising questions about family, personal freedom, state intervention, religion in politics, sexual morality and social welfare.<ref name="Gordon 2002 295–296"/> ''[[Reproductive rights]]'', that is, rights relating to [[sexual reproduction]] and [[reproductive health]],<ref name="COOK">{{cite journal |last1=Cook |first1=Rebecca J. |last2=Fathalla |first2=Mahmoud F. |title=Advancing Reproductive Rights Beyond Cairo and Beijing |journal=International Family Planning Perspectives |date=1996 |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=115–121 |doi=10.2307/2950752 |jstor=2950752 |s2cid=147688303 }}</ref> were first discussed as a subset of human rights at the United Nation's 1968 International Conference on Human Rights.<ref name="FREEDMAN">{{cite journal |last1=Freedman |first1=Lynn P. |last2=Isaacs |first2=Stephen L. |title=Human Rights and Reproductive Choice |journal=Studies in Family Planning |date=1993 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=18–30 |doi=10.2307/2939211 |jstor=2939211 |pmid=8475521 }}</ref>