Editing Attachment theory (section)

====Prevention and treatment====
{{Main|Attachment-based therapy}}

In 1988, Bowlby published a series of lectures indicating how attachment theory and research could be used in understanding and treating child and family disorders. His focus for bringing about change was the parents' internal working models, parenting behaviours and the parents' relationship with the therapeutic intervenor.<ref name="berlinetal">{{cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |title=Prevention and Intervention Programs for Supporting Early Attachment Security |encyclopedia=Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research and Clinical Applications |publisher=Guilford Press |location=New York and London |pages=745–61 |isbn=978-1-59385-874-2 |vauthors=Berlin LJ, Zeanah CH, Lieberman AF |veditors=Cassidy J, Shaver PR}}</ref> Ongoing research has led to a number of individual treatments and prevention and intervention programs.<ref name=berlinetal/> In regards to personal development, children from all the age groups were tested to show the effectiveness of the theory that is being theorized by Bowlby. They range from individual therapy to public health programs to interventions designed for foster caregivers. For infants and younger children, the focus is on increasing the responsiveness and sensitivity of the caregiver, or if that is not possible, placing the child with a different caregiver.{{sfn|Prior|Glaser|2006|pp=231–32}}<ref name="BakermansKranenburg">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, van IJzendoorn MH, Juffer F | s2cid = 7504386 | title = Less is more: meta-analyses of sensitivity and attachment interventions in early childhood | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-bulletin_2003-03_129_2/page/195 | journal = Psychological Bulletin | volume = 129 | issue = 2 | pages = 195–215 | date = March 2003 | pmid = 12696839 | doi = 10.1037/0033-2909.129.2.195 }}</ref> An assessment of the attachment status or caregiving responses of the caregiver is invariably included, as attachment is a two-way process involving attachment behaviour and caregiver response. Some programs are aimed at foster cares because the attachment behaviours of infants or children with attachment difficulties often do not elicit appropriate caregiver responses. Modern prevention and intervention programs have proven successful.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hoffman KT, Marvin RS, Cooper G, Powell B | s2cid = 6672909 | title = Changing toddlers' and preschoolers' attachment classifications: the Circle of Security intervention | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-consulting-and-clinical-psychology_2006-12_74_6/page/1017 | journal = Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology | volume = 74 | issue = 6 | pages = 1017–26 | date = December 2006 | pmid = 17154732 | doi = 10.1037/0022-006x.74.6.1017 }}</ref>