Editing Environmental racism (section)

==== The Andes ====
Extracitivism, or the process of humans removing natural, raw resources from land to be used in product manufacturing, can have detrimental environmental and social repercussions. Research analyzing environmental conflicts in four Andean countries (Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia) found that conflicts tend to disproportionately affect indigenous populations and those with Afro-descent, and peasant communities.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pérez-Rincón|first1=Mario|last2=Vargas-Morales|first2=Julieth|last3=Martinez-Alier|first3=Joan|date=1 March 2019|title=Mapping and Analyzing Ecological Distribution Conflicts in Andean Countries|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800917317925|journal=Ecological Economics|language=en|volume=157|pages=80–91|doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.11.004|bibcode=2019EcoEc.157...80P |s2cid=158620560|issn=0921-8009}}</ref> These conflicts can arise as a result of shifting economic patterns, land use policies, and social practices due to extractivist industries.