Editing Music theory (section)

===Sources===
{{div col|colwidth=45em}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Avison|1752}}|reference=[[Charles Avison|Avison, Charles]] (1752). ''An Essay on Musical Expression''. London: C. Davis.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Bandur|2001}}|reference=Bandur, Markus. 2001. ''Aesthetics of Total Serialism: Contemporary Research from Music to Architecture''. Basel, Boston and Berlin: Birkhäuser.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Baroni|1983}}|reference=Baroni, Mario (1983). "The Concept of Musical Grammar", translated by Simon Maguire and William Drabkin. ''[[Music Analysis (journal)|Music Analysis]]'' 2, no. 2:175–208.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Bartlette and Laitz|2010}}|reference=Bartlette, Christopher, and Steven G. Laitz (2010). ''Graduate Review of Tonal Theory''. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-537698-2}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Bent|1987}}|reference=Bent, Ian (1987). ''Analysis'', The New Grove Handbooks in Music {{ISBN|0-333-41732-1}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Benward and Saker|2003}}|reference=Benward, Bruce, and Marilyn Nadine Saker (2003). ''Music: In Theory and Practice'', seventh edition, 2 volumes. Boston: McGraw-Hill {{ISBN|978-0-07-294262-0}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Bernard|1981}}|reference=Bernard, Jonathan (1981). "Pitch/Register in the Music of Edgar Varèse." ''[[Music Theory Spectrum]]'' 3: 1–25.}}
* {{cite book|last=Boethius|first=Anicius Manlius Severinus|author-link=Boethius|year=1989|title=Fundamentals of Music|translator=Calvin M. Bower|editor=[[Claude V. Palisca]]|location=New Haven and London|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-03943-6|url=https://classicalliberalarts.com/wp-content/uploads/BOETHIUS-Bower-1989-Fundamentals_of_Music.pdf|via=classicalliberalarts.com|type=Translation of ''De institutione musica''}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Brandt|2007}}|reference=Brandt, Anthony (2007). "[http://cnx.org/content/m11629/1.13/ Musical Form]". ''Connexions'' (11 January; accessed 11 September 2011).}}{{Unreliable source?|date=July 2015|reason=This appears to be a self-published web blog.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Castan|2009}}|reference=Castan, Gerd (2009). "[http://www.music-notation.info/en/compmus/notationformats.html Musical Notation Codes]". ''Music-Notation.info'' (Accessed 1 May 2010).}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Christiani|1885}}|reference=Christiani, Adolph Friedrich (1885). ''The Principles of Expression in Pianoforte Playing''. New York: Harper & Brothers.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Dahlhaus|2009}}|reference=[[Carl Dahlhaus|Dahlhaus, Carl]] (2009). "Harmony". ''Grove Music Online'', edited by Deane Root (reviewed 11 December; accessed 30 July 2015).}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Darwin|1913}}|reference=[[Charles Darwin|Darwin, Charles]] (1913). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=KRULAAAAIAAJ The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals]''. New York: D. Appleton and Company.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Davies|1994}}|reference=Davies, Stephen (1994). ''Musical Meaning and Expression''. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8014-8151-2}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|d'Erlanger|1930–56}}|reference=d'Erlanger, Rodolphe (ed. and trans.) (1930–56). ''La Musique arabe'', six volumes. Paris: P. Geuthner.}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Dunsby|first1=Jonathan|author-link1=Jonathan Dunsby|last2=Stopford|first2=John|title=The Case for a Schenkerian Semiotic|journal=[[Music Theory Spectrum]]|date=1981|volume=3|pages=49–53|doi=10.2307/746133|jstor=746133}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Ekwueme|1974}}|reference=[[Lazarus Ekwueme|Ekwueme, Laz E. N.]] (1974). "Concepts of African Musical Theory". ''[[Journal of Black Studies]]'' 5, no. 1 (September): 35–64}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Forsyth|1935}}|reference=[[Cecil Forsyth|Forsyth, Cecil]] (1935). ''Orchestration'', second edition. New York: Dover Publications. {{ISBN|0-486-24383-4}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Garland and Kahn|1995}}|reference=Garland, Trudi Hammel, and Charity Vaughan Kahn (1995). ''Math and Music: Harmonious Connections''. Palo Alto: Dale Seymour Publications. {{ISBN|978-0-86651-829-1}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Gerstner|1964}}|reference=[[Karl Gerstner|Gerstner, Karl]]. 1964. ''Designing Programmes: Four Essays and an Introduction'', with an introduction to the introduction by [[Paul Gredinger]]. English version by D. Q. Stephenson. Teufen, Switzerland: Arthur Niggli. Enlarged, new edition 1968.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Ghrab|2009}}|reference=Ghrab, Anas (2009). "[http://anas.ghrab.tn/fichiers/pdf/these2009.pdf Commentaire anonyme du Kitāb al-Adwār. Édition critique, traduction et présentation des lectures arabes de l'œuvre de Ṣafī al-Dīn al-Urmawī]". PhD thesis. Paris: University Paris-Sorbonne.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Grant|2001}}|reference=Grant, M[orag] J[osephine] (2001). ''Serial Music, Serial Aesthetics: Compositional Theory in Post-War Europe''. Music in the Twentieth Century, [[Arnold Whittall]], general editor. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-80458-2}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Green|1979}}|reference=Green, Douglass M. (1979). ''Form in Tonal Music''. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers; New York and London: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. {{ISBN|0-03-020286-8}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Hartmann|2005}}|reference=[[William M. Hartmann|Hartmann, William M.]] (2005). ''Signals, Sound, and Sensation'', corrected, fifth printing. Modern Acoustics and Signal Processing. Woodbury, New York: American Institute of Physics; New York: Springer. {{ISBN|1563962837}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Jamini|2005}}|reference=Jamini, Deborah (2005). ''Harmony and Composition: Basics to Intermediate'', with DVD video. Victoria, BC: Trafford. 978-1-4120-3333-6.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Károlyi|1965}}|reference=[[Ottó Károlyi|Károlyi, Otto]] (1965). ''Introducing Music''. {{Full citation needed|date=July 2015|reason=Place of publication needed.}}: Penguin Books.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Kilmer|1971}}|reference=Kilmer, Anne D. (1971). "The Discovery of an Ancient Mesopotamian Theory of Music". ''[[Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society]]'' 115, no. 2:131–149.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Kilmer and Mirelman|n.d.}}|reference=Kilmer, Anne, and Sam Mirelman. n.d. "[http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/18485 Mesopotamia. 8. Theory and Practice]". ''[[Grove Music Online]]''. Oxford Music Online. Accessed 13 November 2015. {{subscription required}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Kivy|1993}}|reference=[[Peter Kivy|Kivy, Peter]] (1993). ''The Fine Art of Repetition: Essays in the Philosophy of Music''. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.{{ISBN|978-0-521-43462-1|978-0-521-43598-7}} (cloth & pbk).}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Kliewer|1975}}|reference=Kliewer, Vernon (1975). "Melody: Linear Aspects of Twentieth-Century Music". In ''Aspects of Twentieth-Century Music'', edited by Gary Wittlich, 270–321. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. {{ISBN|0-13-049346-5}}.}}
* {{cite book|last=Kramer|first=Jonathan D.|author-link=Jonathan Kramer|title=The Time of Music: New Meanings, New Temporalities, New Listening Strategies|date=1988|publisher=Schirmer Books|location=New York}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Kubik|2010}}|reference=[[Gerhard Kubik|Kubik, Gerhard]] (2010). ''Theory of African Music'', 2 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. {{ISBN|0-226-45691-9}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Kümmel|1970}}|reference={{ill|Hans Martin Kümmel|de|lt=Kümmel, H. M.}} (1970). "Zur Stimmung der babylonischen Harfe". ''Orientalia'' 39:252–263.}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Lam|first=Joseph S. C.|title=China, §II, History and Theory|encyclopedia=[[Grove Music Online]]|publisher=Oxford University Press<!-- |access-date=15 November 2015 -->|url=http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/43141pg2}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Latham|2002}}|reference=Latham, Alison (ed.) (2002). ''The Oxford Companion to Music''. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-866212-2}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Laurie|2014}}|reference=Laurie, Timothy (2014). "Music Genre as Method". ''Cultural Studies Review'' 20, no. 2:283–292.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Lerdahl and Jackendoff|1985}}|reference=[[Fred Lerdahl|Lerdahl, Fred]], and [[Ray Jackendoff]] (1985). ''A Generative Theory of Tonal Music''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.}}{{ISBN|0262260913}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Lewin|1987}}|reference=[[David Lewin|Lewin, David]] (1987). ''Generalized Musical Intervals and Transformations''. New Haven: Yale University Press.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Linkels|n.d.}}|reference=Linkels, Ad. n.d. "The Real Music of Paradise". In ''World Music'', Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific, edited by Simon Broughton and Mark Ellingham, with James McConnachie and Orla Duane, 218–229. {{Full citation needed|date=July 2015|reason=Place of publication needed.}}: Rough Guides, Penguin Books. {{ISBN|1-85828-636-0}}.}}
* {{cite book|last=London|first=Justin|title=Hearing in Time: Psychological Aspects of Musical Meter|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford and New York}}{{ISBN needed|date=October 2017}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|London|n.d.}}|reference=London, Justin (n.d.), "[https://www.escom.org/proceedings/ICMPC2000/Tue/London.htm Musical Expression and Musical Meaning in Context]. ICMPC2000 Proceedings Papers.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Lussy|1892}}|reference=Lussy, Mathis (1892). ''Musical Expression: Accents, Nuances, and Tempo, in Vocal and Instrumental Music'', translated by Miss M. E. von Glehn. Novello, Ewer, and Co.'s Music Primers 25. London: Novello, Ewer and Co.; New York: H. W. Gray}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|McAdams and Bregman|1979}}|reference=McAdams, Stephen, and [[Albert Bregman]] (1979). "Hearing Musical Streams". ''[[Computer Music Journal]]'' 3, no. 4 (December): 26–43, 60. {{JSTOR|4617866}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|McCreless|n.d.}}|reference=McCreless, Patrick. n.d. "Society for Music Theory", ''[[Grove Music Online]]''. Oxford University Press.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Malm|1996}}|reference=[[William P. Malm|Malm, William P.]] (1996). ''Music Cultures of the Pacific, the Near East, and Asia'', third edition. {{ISBN|0-13-182387-6}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Manik|1969}}|reference=Manik, Liberty (1969). ''Das Arabische Tonsystem im Mittelalter''. Leiden: E. J. Brill.}}
* {{cite web|last=Mannell|first=Robert|date=n.d.|title=Spectral Analysis of Sounds|url=http://clas.mq.edu.au/speech/acoustics/frequency/spectral.html|website=Macquarie University}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Meeùs|2015}}|reference=Meeùs, Nicolas (2015). "Épistémologie d’une musicologie analytique". ''Musurgia'' 22, nos. 3–4:97–114.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Meeùs|2017}}|reference=Meeùs, Nicolas (2017). "Schenker's ''Inhalt'', Schenkerian Semiotics. A Preliminary Study". ''The Dawn of Music Semiology. Essays in Honor of Jean-Jacques Nattiez'', J. Dunsby and J. Goldman ed. Rochester: Rochester University Press:81–96.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Middleton|1990}}|reference=[[Richard Middleton (musicologist)|Middleton, Richard]] (1990). ''Studying Popular Music''. Milton Keynes and Philadelphia: Open University Press. {{ISBN|978-0335152766|978-0335152759}} (cloth & pbk).}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Middleton|1999}}|reference=Middleton, Richard (1999). "Form". In ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=gY-w68zIQWQC Key Terms in Popular Music and Culture]'', edited by Bruce Horner and [[Thomas Swiss]].{{Page needed|date=July 2015|reason=Inclusive page numbers of Middleton's chapter are needed.}} Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing. {{ISBN|0-631-21263-9}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Mirelman|2010}}|reference=Mirelman, Sam (2010). "A New Fragment of Music Theory from Ancient Iraq". ''[[Archiv für Musikwissenschaft]]'' 67, no. 1:45–51.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Mirelman|2013}}|reference=Mirelman, Sam (2013). "[http://www.aawmjournal.com/articles/2013b/Mirelman_AAWM_Vol_2_2.pdf Tuning Procedures in Ancient Iraq]". ''Analytical Approaches to World Music'' 2, no. 2:43–56.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Mitchell|2008}}|reference=Mitchell, Barry (2008). "[http://theoryofmusic.wordpress.com/2008/01/16/an-explanation-for-the-emergence-of-jazz-1956/ An Explanation for the Emergence of Jazz (1956)]", ''Theory of Music'' (16 January):{{Page needed|date=July 2015}}.}}{{Unreliable source?|date=July 2015|reason=This is just a blog.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Moore|2001}}|reference=Moore, Allan F. (2001). "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3526163 Categorical Conventions in Music Discourse: Style and Genre]". ''[[Music & Letters]]'' 82, no. 3 (August): 432–442.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Nattiez|1976}}|reference=[[Jean-Jacques Nattiez|Nattiez, Jean-Jacques]] (1976). ''Fondements d'une sémiologie de la musique''. Collection Esthétique. Paris: Union générale d'éditions. {{ISBN|978-2264000033}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Nattiez|1989}}|reference=Nattiez, Jean-Jacques(1989). ''Proust as Musician'', translated by Derrick Puffett. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-36349-5|978-0-521-02802-8}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Nattiez|1990}}|reference=Nattiez, Jean-Jacques (1990). ''Music and Discourse: Toward a Semiology of Music'', translated by [[Carolyn Abbate]] of ''Musicologie generale et semiologie''. Princeton: Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-691-09136-5}} (cloth); {{ISBN|978-0-691-02714-2}} (pbk).}}
* {{OED|theory, ''n''.<sup>1</sup>|ref={{harvid|OED}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Palisca and Bent|n.d.}}|reference=[[Claude V. Palisca|Palisca, Claude V.]], and [[Ian Bent|Ian D. Bent]]. n.d. "Theory, Theorists". ''[[Grove Music Online]]'', edited by Deane Root. Oxford University Press (accessed 17 December 2014).}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Purwins|2005}}|reference=Purwins, Hendrik (2005). "[https://ccrma.stanford.edu/~purwins/purwinsPhD.pdf Profiles of Pitch Classes Circularity of Relative Pitch and Key: Experiments, Models, Computational Music Analysis, and Perspectives]". Doktor der Naturwissenschaften diss. Berlin: Technischen Universität Berlin.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Read|1969}}|reference=[[Gardner Read|Read, Gardner]] (1969). ''Music Notation: A Manual of Modern Practice'', second edition. Boston, Allyn and Bacon. Reprinted, London: Gollancz, 1974. {{ISBN|9780575017580}}. Reprinted, London: Gollancz, 1978. {{ISBN|978-0575025547}}. Reprinted, New York: Taplinger Publishing, 1979. {{ISBN|978-0800854591|978-0800854539}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Samson|n.d.}}|reference=[[Jim Samson|Samson, Jim]]. "[http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/40599 Genre]". In ''[[Grove Music Online]]'', edited by Deane Root. Oxford Music Online. Accessed 4 March 2012}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Schenker|1979}}|reference=[[Heinrich Schenker|Schenker, Heinrich]] (1979). ''Free Composition''. Translated and edited by [[Ernst Oster]]. New York and London, Longman.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Schoenberg|1983}}|reference=[[Arnold Schoenberg|Schoenberg, Arnold]] (1983). ''Structural Functions of Harmony'', revised edition with corrections, edited by [[Leonard Stein]]. London and Boston: Faber and Faber. {{ISBN|978-0-571-13000-9}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Scholes|1977}}|reference=[[Percy Scholes|Scholes, Percy A.]] (1977). "Form". ''The Oxford Companion to Music'', tenth edition. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Service|2013}}|reference=Service, Jonathan (2013). "[http://www.hcs.harvard.edu/soundingchina/Service.html Chinese Music Theory]". ''Transmission/Transformation: Sounding China in Enlightenment Europe''. Cambridge: Harvard University Department of Music (web, accessed 17 December 2015).}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Shiloah|1964}}|reference=Shiloah, Amnon (1964). [http://www.persee.fr/doc/ephe_0000-0001_1964_num_1_1_4883 La perfection des connaissances musicales: Traduction annotée du traité de musique arabe d'al-Ḥasan ibn Aḥmad ibn 'Ali al-Kātib] ''École pratique des hautes études. 4e section, Sciences historiques et philologiques, Annuaire 1964–1965'' 97, no. 1: 451–456.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Smith Brindle|1987}}|reference=[[Reginald Smith Brindle|Smith Brindle, Reginald]] (1987). ''The New Music: The Avant-Garde Since 1945'', second edition. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-315471-1|978-0-19-315468-1}} (cloth & pbk).}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Snarrenberg|1997}}|reference=Snarrenberg, Robert (1997). ''Schenker's Interpretive Practice''. Cambridge Studies in Music Theory and Analysis 11. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0521497264}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Sorantin|1932}}|reference=Sorantin, Erich (1932). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=B7dFAAAAMAAJ The Problem of Musical Expression: A Philosophical and Psychological Study]''. Nashville: Marshall and Bruce}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Stefani|1973}}|reference=Stefani, Gino (1973). "Sémiotique en musicologie". ''Versus'' 5:20–42.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Stefani|1976}}|reference=Stefani, Gino (1976). ''Introduzione alla semiotica della musica''. Palermo: Sellerio editore. }}
* {{cite book|last=Stein|first=Leon|author-link=Leon Stein|year=1979|title=Structure and Style: The Study and Analysis of Musical Forms|place=Princeton, New Jersey|publisher=Summy-Birchard Music|isbn=978-0-87487-164-7}}
* {{cite book|last1=Stone|first1=Kurt|title=Music Notation in the Twentieth Century|date=1980|place=New York|publisher=W. W. Norton|isbn=978-0-393-95053-3}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Tan, Peter, and Rom|2010}}|reference=Tan, Siu-Lan, Pfordresher Peter, and Harré Rom (2010). ''Psychology of Music: From Sound to Significance''. New York: Psychology Press. {{ISBN|978-1-84169-868-7}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Thompson|n.d.}}|reference=[[William Forde Thompson|Thompson, William Forde]] (n.d.). ''Music, Thought, and Feeling: Understanding the Psychology of Music'', second edition. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-537707-9}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Touma|1996}}|reference=[[Habib Hassan Touma|Touma, Habib Hassan]] (1996). ''The Music of the Arabs'', new expanded edition, translated by Laurie Schwartz. Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press. {{ISBN|0-931340-88-8}}.}}
* {{cite book|last=van der Merwe|first=Peter|author-link=Peter van der Merwe (musicologist)|year=1989|title=Origins of the Popular Style: The Antecedents of Twentieth-Century Popular Music|publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-316121-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/originsofpopular0000vand }}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Whittall|2008}}|reference=[[Arnold Whittall|Whittall, Arnold]] (2008). ''The Cambridge Introduction to Serialism''. Cambridge Introductions to Music. New York: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-86341-4|978-0-521-68200-8}} (cloth & pbk).}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Wohl|2005}}|reference=Wohl, Gennady. (2005). "[http://sonantometry.blogspot.com/2007_05_01_archive.html Algebra of Tonal Functions]", translated by Mykhaylo Khramov. Sonantometry Blogspot (16 June; accessed 31 July 2015).}}{{Unreliable source?|date=July 2015|reason=This appears to be a self-published web blog.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Wong|2011}}|reference=Wong, Janice (2011). "[http://mastersofmedia.hum.uva.nl/2011/04/26/visualising-music-the-problems-with-genre-classification/ Visualising Music: The Problems with Genre Classification]". Masters of Media blog site (accessed 11 August 2015).}}{{Unreliable source?|date=July 2015|reason=This appears to be a self-published web blog.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Wright|2001a}}|reference=Wright, Owen (2001a). "Munajjim, al- [Yaḥyā ibn]". ''[[The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians]]'', second edition, edited by [[Stanley Sadie]] and [[John Tyrrell (musicologist)|John Tyrrell]]. London: Macmillan. Reprinted in ''[[Grove Music Online]]'', Oxford Music Online. {{subscription required}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Wright|2001b}}|reference=Wright, Owen (2001b). "[http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/01139pg1 Arab Music, §1: Art Music, 2. The Early Period (to 900 CE), (iv) Early Theory]". ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan. Reprinted in ''Grove Music Online'', Oxford Music Online. {{subscription required}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Wulstan|1968}}|reference=Wulstan, David (1968). "The Tuning of the Babylonian Harp". ''Iraq'' 30: 215–28.}}
* {{cite book|last=Yeston|first=Maury|author-link=Maury Yeston|title=The Stratification of Musical Rhythm|date=1976|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven}}
{{refend}}