Editing Netherlands (section)

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of the Netherlands}}

===Art, architecture and philosophy===
{{Main|Dutch art|Architecture of the Netherlands|Dutch-language literature}}
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| image1            = Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg
| caption1          = ''[[Netherlandish Proverbs]]'' by Brabantine artist [[Pieter Bruegel the Elder]]
| image2            = Bulb Fields.jpg
| caption2          = ''[[Bulb Fields|Flower Beds in Holland]]'' by Brabantine artist [[Vincent van Gogh]]
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| caption3          = The [[Rijksmuseum]] in Amsterdam
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The Netherlands has had many well-known painters. In the Middle Ages [[Hieronymus Bosch]] and [[Pieter Bruegel the Elder]] were leading Dutch pioneers. During the [[Dutch Golden Age]], the Dutch Republic was prosperous and witnessed a flourishing artistic movement. The "Dutch Masters", spanning this 17th century era, included [[Rembrandt]], [[Johannes Vermeer]], [[Jan Steen]], and [[Jacob van Ruisdael]]. Famous Dutch painters of the 19th and 20th century included [[Vincent van Gogh]] and [[Piet Mondrian]].

Literature flourished during the Dutch Golden Age, with [[Joost van den Vondel]] and [[Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft|P. C. Hooft]] as the most famous writers. In the 19th century, [[Multatuli]] wrote about the poor treatment of the natives in the Dutch colony. [[The Diary of a Young Girl|''Diary of a Young Girl'']] by [[Anne Frank]] is the most translated book from Dutch. Other important 20th century authors include [[Harry Mulisch]], [[Jan Wolkers]], [[Hella Haasse]], [[Willem Frederik Hermans]], [[Cees Nooteboom]] and [[Gerard Reve]].

Various architectural styles can be distinguished in the Netherlands. The [[Romanesque architecture]] was built between 950 and 1250. [[Gothic architecture]] was used from about 1230. Gothic buildings had large windows, pointed arches and were richly decorated. [[Brabantine Gothic]] originated with the rise of the Duchy of Brabant and spread throughout the Burgundian provinces. [[Dutch Baroque architecture]] (1525–1630) and classicism (1630–1700) is especially evident in the west. Other architectural styles are [[Art Nouveau]], [[Expressionist architecture|Expressionism]], [[De Stijl]], [[Traditionalist School (architecture)|Traditionalism]] and [[Brutalism]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://architecture-history.org/schools/NETHERLANDS.html|title=NETHERLANDS|website=architecture-history.org}}</ref>

[[Erasmus]] and [[Baruch Spinoza|Spinoza]] were famous Dutch philosophers. The Dutch scientist [[Christiaan Huygens]] (1629–95) discovered [[Saturn]]'s moon [[Titan (moon)|Titan]], argued that light travelled as waves, invented the [[pendulum clock]], and was the first physicist to use mathematical formulae. [[Antonie van Leeuwenhoek]] was the first to observe and describe [[Microorganism|single-celled organisms]] with a [[microscope]].

[[Windmill]]s, [[tulip]]s, [[clog]]s, cheese, and [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] have grown to symbolize the Netherlands, especially among tourists.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Holland as other place and other time: alterity in projected tourist images of the Netherlands|first1=Bouke|last1=van Gorp|first2=Tine|last2=Béneker|date=1 April 2007|journal=GeoJournal|volume=68|issue=4|pages=293–305|doi=10.1007/s10708-007-9085-9|s2cid=129230373 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2007GeoJo..68..293V }}</ref>

===Dutch value system===
{{Main|Dutch customs and etiquette}}
The Dutch are proud of their [[cultural heritage]], [[Dutch art|rich history in art]], and involvement in [[International relations|international affairs]].<ref name="Colin White 1995">Colin White & Laurie Boucke (1995). The UnDutchables: An observation of the Netherlands, its culture and its inhabitants (3rd Ed.). White-Boucke Publishing.</ref> A predominant attitude in the Netherlands is to think of the nation as being "both tolerant and cosmopolitan."<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Rietbergen |first=P. J. A. N. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52849131 |title=A Short History of the Netherlands: From Prehistory to the Present Day |publisher=Bekking |year=2000 |isbn=90-6109-440-2 |edition=4th |location=Amersfoort |pages=155–156 |oclc=52849131}}</ref>

A Dutch saying indicating their sense of national pride in their reclamation of land from the sea and marshes is "God created the world, but the Dutch created the Netherlands."<ref>quoted in Fred Feddes, ''A Millennium of Amsterdam: Spatial History of a Marvelous City''. Bussum: Thoth Publishers 2012, p.9 {{ISBN|978-9068685954}}</ref>

[[File:Koningsdag 2017 Amstel.jpg|thumb|Dutch people in orange celebrating [[Koningsdag|King's Day]] in Amsterdam, 2017]]
Dutch manners are open and direct with a no-nonsense attitude—informality combined with adherence to basic behaviour. "Dealing with the Dutch" by Jacob Vossestein states: "Dutch egalitarianism is the idea that people are equal, especially from a moral point of view, and accordingly, causes the somewhat ambiguous stance the Dutch have towards hierarchy and status."<ref>J. Vossenstein, Dealing with the Dutch, 9789460220791.</ref>

The Netherlands is one of the most secular countries of Europe.<ref name=":02" /> Religion in the Netherlands is generally considered as a personal matter which is not supposed to be propagated in public, although it often remains a discussion subject.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Becker|last2=De Hart|first1=Jos|first2=Joep|title=Godsdienstige veranderingen in Nederland, Verschuivingen in de binding met de kerken en de christelijke traditie|url=http://www.scp.nl/dsresource?objectid=6e36ffc5-45eb-4b33-bc88-eb7b99083527|website=SCP|publisher=Sociaal en Cultureel Planbureau Den Haag|access-date=7 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010141120/https://www.scp.nl/dsresource?objectid=6e36ffc5-45eb-4b33-bc88-eb7b99083527|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Music===
{{Main|Music of the Netherlands||Music of the former Netherlands Antilles}}
The Netherlands has multiple music traditions. Traditional Dutch music is a genre known as "[[Levenslied]]", meaning ''Song of life''. These songs typically have a simple melody and rhythm, and a straightforward structure of verses and choruses. Themes can be light, but are often sentimental and include love, death and [[loneliness]]. Traditional musical instruments such as the [[accordion]] and the [[barrel organ]] are a staple of levenslied music, though in recent years many artists use synthesisers and guitars.

Contemporary Dutch rock and pop music ([[Nederpop]]) originated in the 1960s, heavily influenced by popular music from the United States and Britain. Bands such as [[Shocking Blue]], [[Golden Earring]], [[Tee Set]], [[George Baker Selection]] and [[Focus (band)|Focus]] enjoyed international success. From the 1980s, more and more pop musicians started working in the Dutch language, partly inspired by the huge success of the band [[Doe Maar]].

[[File:Coldplay perform "Up&Up", Amsterdam Arena, June 2016 (5).jpg|thumb|[[Johan Cruyff Arena]], the largest Dutch concert venue]]
Current [[symphonic metal]] bands [[Epica (band)|Epica]], [[Delain]], [[ReVamp]], [[The Gathering (band)|The Gathering]], [[Asrai]], Autumn, [[Ayreon]] and [[Within Temptation]] as well as [[jazz]] and pop singer [[Caro Emerald]] are having international success. Metal bands like [[Hail of Bullets]], [[God Dethroned]], [[Izegrim]], [[Asphyx]], [[Textures (band)|Textures]], [[Heidevolk]], and [[Slechtvalk]] are popular guests at the biggest [[metal festival]]s in Europe. Contemporary local stars include pop singer [[Anouk (singer)|Anouk]], country pop singer [[Ilse DeLange]], [[Limburgish]] dialect singing folk band [[Rowwen Hèze]], rock band [[BLØF]] and duo [[Nick & Simon]].

Early 1990s Dutch and Belgian [[house music]] came together in [[Eurodance]] project [[2 Unlimited]]. Selling 18 million records,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/2-unlimited-mn0000431439/biography |title=2 Unlimited &#124; Biography &#124; AllMusic |website=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=30 June 2014}}</ref> the two singers in the band are the most successful Dutch music artists to this day. Tracks like "[[Get Ready for This]]" are still popular themes of U.S. sports events. In the mid-1990s Dutch language [[Hip hop music|rap and hip hop]] (''[[Dutch hip hop|Nederhop]]'') came to fruition and has become popular in the Netherlands and Belgium.

Since the 1990s, Dutch [[electronic dance music]] (EDM) gained widespread popularity in the world in many forms. Some of the world's best known dance music DJs hail from the Netherlands, including [[Armin van Buuren]], [[Tiësto]], [[Hardwell]], [[Martin Garrix]], [[Dash Berlin]], [[Julian Jordan]], [[Nicky Romero]], [[W&W]], [[Don Diablo]], [[Ummet Ozcan]], [[Headhunterz]], [[Sander van Doorn]], and [[Afrojack]]; the first four of which have been ranked as best in the world by [[DJ Mag Top 100 DJs]]. The [[Amsterdam Dance Event]] (ADE) is the world's leading electronic music conference and the biggest club festival for the many electronic subgenres on the planet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.local-life.com/amsterdam/articles/amsterdam-dance-event|title=Amsterdam Dance Event|work=local-life.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dutchdailynews.com/the-international-dance-industry-assembles-in-amsterdam-next-week/|title=The international Dance industry assembles in Amsterdam next week|work=Dutch Daily News|date=12 October 2012}}</ref> The Netherlands has [[Netherlands in the Eurovision Song Contest|participated]] in the [[Eurovision Song Contest]] since its first edition in 1956, and has won five times.

In classical music, [[Jan Sweelinck]] is a famous Dutch composer, with [[Louis Andriessen]] among the best known contemporary Dutch classical composers. [[Ton Koopman]] is a Dutch conductor, organist and harpsichordist. Notable violinists are [[Janine Jansen]] and [[André Rieu]].

===Film and television===
{{Main|Cinema of the Netherlands|Television in the Netherlands}}

Some Dutch films – mainly by director [[Paul Verhoeven]] – have received international distribution and recognition, such as ''[[Turkish Delight (1973 film)|Turkish Delight]]'' ("''Turks Fruit''", 1973), ''[[Soldier of Orange]]'' ("''Soldaat van Oranje''", 1977), ''[[Spetters]]'' (1980), and ''[[The Fourth Man (1983 film)|The Fourth Man]]'' ("''De Vierde Man''", 1983). Verhoeven then went on to direct big [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] movies like ''[[RoboCop]]'' (1987), ''[[Total Recall (1990 film)|Total Recall]]'' (1990), and ''[[Basic Instinct]]'' (1992), and returned with Dutch film ''[[Black Book (film)|Black Book]]'' ("''Zwartboek''", 2006).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theneweuropean.co.uk/the-weird-and-challenging-career-of-paul-verhoeven/|title=God of shock: the weird and challenging career of Paul Verhoeven|first=Richard|last=Luck|date=6 April 2022|website=The New European}}</ref>

Other well-known Dutch film directors are [[Jan de Bont]], [[Anton Corbijn]], [[Dick Maas]], [[Fons Rademakers]], and documentary makers [[Bert Haanstra]] and [[Joris Ivens]]. Film director [[Theo van Gogh (film director)|Theo van Gogh]] achieved international notoriety in 2004 when he was murdered by [[Mohammed Bouyeri]] in the streets of Amsterdam after directing the short film ''[[Submission (2004 film)|Submission]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3974179.stm|title=Gunman kills Dutch film director|date=2 November 2004|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref>

Directors of photography from the Netherlands include [[Hoyte van Hoytema]] and [[Theo van de Sande]]. Internationally successful Dutch actors include [[Famke Janssen]], [[Carice van Houten]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/euro-star-carice-van-houten-6757545.html|title=Euro star: Carice van Houten|first=Lydia|last= Slater|date=10 April 2012|website=Evening Standard}}</ref> [[Rutger Hauer]],<ref name="elsevier">{{cite web|url =https://www.elsevierweekblad.nl/cultuur/article/2015/10/1973-monique-van-de-ven-voor-altijd-olga-2698674W/|title =1973 – Monique van de Ven: Voor altijd Olga|first =Bram|last =Hahn|website =Elsevier Weekblad|date =7 October 2015|language =nl|access-date =26 July 2019|archive-date =26 July 2019|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20190726013056/https://www.elsevierweekblad.nl/cultuur/article/2015/10/1973-monique-van-de-ven-voor-altijd-olga-2698674W/|url-status =dead}}</ref> and [[Jeroen Krabbé]].<ref name= "NYTimesArticle1">{{cite news | first = Justine | last = Elias | title = Famke Janssen; Transformations As a Way of Life, Not Just on Screen | newspaper = The New York Times | date = 15 November 1998 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/15/movies/holiday-films-up-coming-famke-janssen-transformations-way-life-not-just-screen.html | access-date = 16 October 2011}}</ref>

The Netherlands has a well developed television market, with both multiple commercial and public broadcasters. Imported TV programmes, as well as interviews with responses in a foreign language, are virtually always shown with the original sound and subtitled. Only foreign shows for children are dubbed.<ref name="HaGanahl2013">''[https://books.google.com/books?id=chXSFH-gzVMC&pg=PA101 Webcasting Worldwide: Business Models of an Emerging Global Medium]''. Routledge; 2013. {{ISBN|978-1-135-24977-9}}. p. 101–103.</ref>

TV exports from the Netherlands mostly take the form of specific formats and franchises, most notably was the internationally active TV production conglomerate [[Endemol]], founded by Dutch media [[Business magnate|tycoons]] [[John de Mol Jr.|John de Mol]] and [[Joop van den Ende]]. Endemol and its subsidiaries created and ran reality, talent, and game show franchises worldwide, including ''[[Big Brother (franchise)|Big Brother]]'' and ''[[Deal or No Deal]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/john-de-mol/|title=John de Mol|website=Forbes}}</ref> Endemol merged with [[Shine Group]] in 2015, and again with [[Banijay]] in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kanter |first1=Jake |date=July 1, 2020 |title=Banijay Group's $2.2BN Endemol Shine Group Takeover Approved By European Commission |url=https://deadline.com/2020/07/banijay-group-endemol-shine-group-takeover-approved-by-european-commission-1202974883/}}</ref>

=== Sports ===
{{Main|Sport in the Netherlands}}

[[File:NED-DEN Euro 2012 (10).jpg|thumb|Dutch star football players [[Arjen Robben]] and [[Robin van Persie]] during a game with the [[Netherlands national football team|Netherlands]] against [[Denmark national football team|Denmark]] at [[Euro 2012]]]]

Approximately 4.5 million of the 16.8 million people in the Netherlands are registered in one of the 35,000 sports clubs in the country. About two-thirds of the population between 15 and 75 participate in sports weekly.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://s2.ned.univie.ac.at/NoN/landeskunde/nl/h11/index.htm |title=Sport in Nederland |access-date=21 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925042514/http://s2.ned.univie.ac.at/NoN/landeskunde/nl/h11/index.htm |archive-date=25 September 2008 |language=nl}}</ref> [[Association football|Football]] is the most popular team sport, followed by [[field hockey]] and volleyball. Tennis, gymnastics and golf are the three most widely engaged in individual sports.<ref name="sport">{{cite web |url=http://www.sport.nl/content/nieuwsartikelen/nocnsf/223198?channel=nocnsf |title=Ledental sportbonden opnieuw gestegen |date=24 July 2006 |website=sport.nl |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070812034648/http://www.sport.nl/content/nieuwsartikelen/nocnsf/223198?channel=nocnsf |archive-date=12 August 2007 |access-date=1 June 2016 |url-status=dead |language=nl}}</ref> Organisation of sports began at the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century. Federations for sports were established, rules were unified and sports clubs came into existence. A [[NOC*NSF|Dutch National Olympic Committee]] was established in 1912.

The [[Netherlands national football team|national football team]] was runner-up in the [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]] of 1974, 1978, and 2010, and won the [[UEFA European Championship|European Championship]] of 1988. Of [[Sports Illustrated|SI]]'s 50 greatest footballers of all time, [[Johan Cruyff]] (#5), [[Marco van Basten]] (#19), [[Ruud Gullit]] (#25), and [[Johan Neeskens]] (#36) are Dutch.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=The 50 Greatest Footballers of All Time|date=21 May 2019|url=https://www.si.com/soccer/2019/05/21/50-greatest-footballers-all-time|magazine=[[Sports Illustrated]]}}</ref> The [[Netherlands women's national football team|women's national team]] was runner-up in [[2019 FIFA Women's World Cup|2019 World Cup]] and won the European Championship of 2017. The [[Netherlands women's national field hockey team|Netherlands women's field hockey team]] won 9 out of 15 [[Women's Hockey World Cup|World Cup]]s. The [[Netherlands national baseball team|Netherlands baseball team]] have won the [[European Baseball Championship|European championship]] 24 times out of 33 events.<!--updated to 2021--> The [[Netherlands women's national volleyball team|volleyball national women's team]] won the [[1995 Women's European Volleyball Championship|European Championship in 1995]] and the [[2007 FIVB Volleyball World Grand Prix|World Grand Prix in 2007]].

The Netherlands has won 266 medals at the [[Summer Olympic Games]] and 110 at the [[Winter Olympic Games]]. [[Joop Zoetemelk]] won the [[1979 Vuelta a Espana]], the [[1980 Tour de France]], and the 1985 UCI World Championship. [[Jan Janssen]] won the [[1968 Tour de France]], [[Tom Dumoulin]] the [[2017 Giro d'Italia]]. [[Max Verstappen]], the youngest [[Formula 1]] driver to make his debut and to win a race, was the [[2016 Spanish Grand Prix|first Dutchman to win a Grand Prix]] and a [[2021 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix|Formula One World Drivers Championship]]. Dutch [[K-1]] kickboxers have won the [[K-1 World Grand Prix]] 15 times out of 19 tournaments.

===Cuisine===
{{Main|Dutch cuisine}}
[[File:Hutspot met stooflap op bord.JPG|thumb|[[Hutspot]] with beef stew on plate]]
Dutch cuisine is simple and straightforward, and contains many dairy products. Breakfast and lunch are typically bread with toppings, with cereal for breakfast as an alternative. Traditionally, dinner consists of potatoes, meat, and vegetables. The Dutch diet was high in carbohydrates and fat, reflecting the dietary needs of the labourers whose culture moulded the country. During the twentieth century this diet changed and became more [[Multiculturalism|cosmopolitan]], with most [[global cuisine]]s being represented in the major cities. In early 2014, [[Oxfam]] ranked the Netherlands as the country with the most nutritious, plentiful and healthy food.<ref>{{cite news |last=Reaney |first=Patricia |date=14 January 2014 |title=Netherlands is country with most plentiful, healthy food: Oxfam |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-food-countries-idUSBREA0E01S20140115 |location=New York |publisher=Reuters U.S. |access-date=1 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |author=|title=Good Enough to Eat – Media Briefing |url=http://www.oxfamamerica.org/static/media/files/Good_Enough_To_Eat_Media_brief_FINAL.pdf |location=Boston, MA |publisher=[[Oxfam]] America |date=14 January 2013 |access-date=1 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808001149/http://www.oxfamamerica.org/static/media/files/Good_Enough_To_Eat_Media_brief_FINAL.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Modern culinary writers distinguish between three regional forms of Dutch cuisine: northeast, west and south:

The regions in the northeast are the least populated areas of the Netherlands. The late 18th century introduction of large scale agriculture means the cuisine is known for its meats. The relative lack of farms allowed for an abundance of [[game (meat)|game]] and [[Animal husbandry|husbandry]], though dishes near the coastal regions include a large amount of fish. The various dried sausages, belonging to the [[metworst]]-family of Dutch sausages are found throughout this region. Smoked sausages are common, of which (''Gelderse'') ''[[rookworst]]'' is the most renowned. Larger sausages are eaten alongside ''[[stamppot]]'', ''[[hutspot]],'' or ''zuurkool'' ([[sauerkraut]]); whereas smaller ones are eaten as a [[street food]]. The provinces are home to hard textured [[rye bread]], pastries and cookies. As a coastal region, Friesland is home to low-lying grasslands, and thus has a cheese production in common with the Western cuisine. Cookies are produced in great number and contain a lot of butter and sugar. The traditional alcoholic beverages are beer (strong pale lager) and ''[[Jenever]]'', a high proof [[juniper]]-flavoured spirit, that came to be known in England as [[gin]]. An exception within the traditional Dutch alcoholic landscape, ''[[Advocaat]]'', a rich and creamy liqueur made from eggs, sugar and brandy, is native to this region.<ref>{{cite book |first=Laura Halpin |last=Rinsky |author2=Glenn Rinsky  |title=The Pastry Chef's Companion: A Comprehensive Resource Guide for the Baking and Pastry Professional |url=https://archive.org/details/pastrychefscompa00rins |url-access=limited |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |location=Hoboken, N.J. |year=2009 |page=[https://archive.org/details/pastrychefscompa00rins/page/n12 3] |isbn=978-0-470-00955-0 |oclc=173182689}}</ref>

In the west, the abundance of water and flat grasslands, mean the area is known for its dairy products, which include prominent cheeses such as [[Gouda (cheese)|Gouda]], [[Leyden cheese|Leyden]] (spiced cheese with cumin), and [[Edam (cheese)|Edam]] (traditionally in small spheres) as well as [[Leerdammer]] and [[Beemster Cheese|Beemster]], while the adjacent [[Zaanstreek]] in [[North Holland]] has since the 16th century been known for its [[mayonnaise]] and typical whole-grain [[mustard (condiment)|mustards]]. A by-product of the butter-making process, ''karnemelk'' ([[buttermilk]]), is considered typical for this region. Seafood such as [[soused herring]], [[Blue mussel|mussels]], [[European eel|eels]], [[oyster]]s and [[shrimp]]s are widely available and typical for the region.

The southern Dutch cuisine consists of the cuisines of the Dutch provinces of [[North Brabant]] and [[Limburg (Netherlands)|Limburg]] and the [[Flemish Region]] in Belgium. It is renowned for its rich pastries, soups, stews and vegetable dishes. It is the only Dutch culinary region that developed an [[haute cuisine]]. Pastries are abundant, often with rich fillings of cream, custard or fruits. Cakes, such as the ''[[Vlaai]]'' from Limburg and the ''Moorkop'' and ''[[Bossche bol]]'' from Brabant, are typical pastries. Savoury pastries abound, with the {{lang|nl|worstenbroodje}} (a roll with a sausage of [[ground beef]], literally translates into sausage bread) being the most popular. The alcoholic beverage of the region is beer, there are many local brands, ranging from ''[[Trappist beer|Trappist]]'' to ''[[Kriek lambic|Kriek]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.trappist.be/en/products/beers/westvleteren/|title=Internationale Vereniging Trappist – Westvleteren|website=trappist.be}}</ref>