Editing Spain (section)

=== Literature ===
{{Main|Spanish literature|Catalan literature|Galician literature|Basque literature}}
{{See also|Latin American literature|Royal Spanish Academy|Instituto Cervantes}}
Some early examples of vernacular Romance-based literature include short snippets of [[Mozarabic language|Mozarabic Romance]] (such as refrains) sprinkled in [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] texts.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Cambridge History of Spanish Literature|first=David T.|last=Gies|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2004|isbn=0-521-80618-6|pages=73–74}}</ref> Other examples of early Iberian Romance include the ''[[Glosas Emilianenses]]'' written in Latin, Basque and Romance.<ref>{{Cite journal|page=90|url=http://erevistas.uca.edu.ar/index.php/LET/article/view/1774|journal=Letras|issn=0326-3363|publisher=[[Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina|Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina Santa María de los Buenos Aires]]|volume=2|year=2015|issue=72|title=Literatura hispanorromance primigenia : la glosa conoajutorio del Codex Aemilianensis 60|first=María de los Ángeles|last=Dapueto Reyes|access-date=23 May 2020|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806072649/https://erevistas.uca.edu.ar/index.php/LET/article/view/1774|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Bronze statues of Don Quixote and Sancho Panza.jpg|thumb|Bronze statues of [[Don Quixote]] and [[Sancho Panza]], at the [[Plaza de España (Madrid)|Plaza de España]] in [[Madrid]]]]

Early Medieval literature in Christian Iberia was written in [[Latin language|Latin]], which remained as the standard literary language up until the mid-13th century, whereas Ibero-Romance vernaculars and Basque were spoken.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Spanish Literature. A Very Short Introduction|first=Jo|last=Labanyi|year=2010|isbn=978-0-19-920805-0|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|pages=18–19}}</ref> A decisive development ensued in the 13th century in [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]], where Arabic scholarship was translated to the local vernacular, [[Spanish language|Castilian]]. In the scope of lyric poetry Castilian co-existed alongside [[Galician-Portuguese]] across the Crown of Castile up until the 16th century.{{Sfn|Labanyi|2010|p=24}} The Romance variety preferred in Eastern Iberia for lyrical poetry, [[Occitan language|Occitan]], became increasingly [[Catalan language|Catalanised]] in the 14th and 15th centuries.{{Sfn|Labanyi|2010|p=21}} Major literary works from the Middle Ages include the ''[[Cantar de Mio Cid]]'', ''[[Tirant lo Blanch]]'', ''[[The Book of Good Love]]'' and ''[[Coplas por la muerte de su padre]]''. Genres such as [[Mester de Juglaría]] and [[Mester de Clerecía]] were cultivated.

Promoted by the monarchs in the late Middle Ages and even codified in the late 15th century, Castilian (thought to be widespread known as 'Spanish' from the 16th century on) progressively became the language of the elites in the Iberian Peninsula, which ushered in a [[Spanish Golden Age|Golden era of Castilian literature]] in the 16th and 17th centuries, also in the science domain, eclipsing Galician and Catalan.<ref>{{Citation|url=https://www.academia.edu/34053466|title=The spread of Castilian/Spanish in Spain and the Americas: A relatively successful language standardisation experience|first=Carla|last=Amorós Negre|journal=Sociolinguistica|issn=0933-1883|issue=30|volume=1|year=2016|pages=26–28|doi=10.1515/soci-2016-0003|s2cid=132493573|access-date=5 April 2022|archive-date=31 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531021154/https://www.academia.edu/34053466|url-status=live}}</ref> Famous Early Modern works include ''[[La Celestina]]'' and ''[[Lazarillo de Tormes]]''. The famous ''[[Don Quixote|Don Quijote de La Mancha]]'' by [[Miguel de Cervantes]] was written in this time. Other writers from the period are: [[Francisco de Quevedo]], [[Lope de Vega]], [[Pedro Calderón de la Barca|Calderón de la Barca]] or [[Tirso de Molina]]. During the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] authors included, [[Benito Jerónimo Feijóo]], [[Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos]], and [[Leandro Fernández de Moratín]].

Steps of [[Romanticism in Spanish literature|Spanish Romantic literature]] (initially a rebellion against French classicism) have been traced back to the last quarter of the 18th century, even if the movement had its heyday between 1835 and 1850, waning thereafter.<ref>{{Cite journal|page=226; 228–229|url=https://revistas.uca.es/index.php/cir/article/view/236/2058|publisher=[[University of Cádiz|Editorial UCA]]|title=La extensión del Romanticismo en España|first=José Luis|last=González Subías|journal=Cuadernos de Ilustración y Romanticismo: Revista del Grupo de Estudios del siglo XVIII|issn=2173-0687|issue=15|year=2007|access-date=5 April 2022|archive-date=12 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412011002/https://revistas.uca.es/index.php/cir/article/view/236/2058|url-status=live}}</ref> In a broader definition encompassing the period from 1868 or 1874 to 1936, the so-called Silver Age of Spanish Culture ensued.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/eserv/bibliuned:Epos-2007-23B18B1E-0906-715F-602D-3CC2DE6C852C/edad_plata.pdf|title=La 'Edad de Plata' (1868-1936) y las generaciones de la Edad de Plata : cultura y filología|first=Francisco|last=Abad|journal=Epos. Revista de Filología|issue=23|year=2007|pages=244–245|access-date=5 April 2022|archive-date=12 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412004832/http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/eserv/bibliuned:Epos-2007-23B18B1E-0906-715F-602D-3CC2DE6C852C/edad_plata.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|page=317|title=Redefining the Spanish Silver Age and '98 Within It |first=Nelson R.|last=Orringer|journal=Anales de la literatura Española Contemporánea|volume=23|issue=1/2|year=1998|jstor=25642011|publisher=Society of Spanish & Spanish-American Studies}}</ref>

The waning of Romantic literature was followed by the development of [[Spanish Realist literature|Spanish Realism]], which offered depictions of contemporary life and society 'as they were', rather than romanticised or stylised presentations.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}} The major realist writer was [[Benito Pérez Galdós]].{{sfn|Labanyi|2010|p=61}} The second half of the 19th century also saw the resurgence of the literary use of local languages other than Spanish under cultural movements inspired by Romanticism such as the Catalan ''[[Renaixença]]'' or the Galician ''[[Rexurdimento]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yTQnOahQ4T4C&pg=PA103|page=103|title=Minority Language Planning and Micronationalism in Italy: An Analysis of the Situation of Friulian, Cimbrian and Western Lombard with Reference to Spanish Minority Languages|first=Paolo|last=Coluzzi|year=2007|publisher=[[Peter Lang AG|Peter Lang]]|isbn=9783039110414|access-date=15 April 2022|archive-date=12 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912033942/https://books.google.com/books?id=yTQnOahQ4T4C&pg=PA103|url-status=live}}</ref> Rarely used before in a written medium, the true fostering of the literary use of the Basque language had to wait until the 1960s, even if some interest towards the language had developed in the late 19th century.{{Sfn|Coluzzi|2007|pp=103–104}} 20th-century authors were classified in loose literary generations such as the [[Generation of 1898|Generation of '98]], the [[Generation of '27]], [[Generation of '36]] and the [[Generation of '50]]. [[Premio Planeta de Novela]] and [[Miguel de Cervantes Prize]] are the two main awards in Spanish literature.