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==== Language ==== In the early 19th century, the dominant language of the city was [[Turkish language|Turkish]],<ref>{{cite book |title=London Magazine, Volume 7 |date=1827 |location=London |page=546 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SUTaFrXiQiQC&pg=PA546 |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref> while Armenian, Syriac, Kurdish, Arabic, and Persian were also spoken. Armenians were observed to speak Turkish to strangers, while Assyrians spoke Arabic.<ref name = "Buckingham">{{cite book |title=The Oriental Herald, and Journal of General Literature Vol. XII |date=1827 |location=London |pages=39, 40, 47, 48 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oRkYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA39 |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref>
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