Editing Laptop (section)

==Extreme use==
{{See also|International Space Station#Communications and computers}}
[[File:ISS-38 EVA-1 Laptops.jpg|thumb|right|ISS laptops in the US lab]]

The ruggedized [[Grid Compass]] computer was used since the early days of the Space Shuttle program. The first [[Commercial off-the-shelf|commercial]] laptop used in space was a [[Macintosh portable]] in 1990 on Space Shuttle mission [[STS-41]] and again in 1991 aboard [[STS-43]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lewis |first=Peter H. |date=12 August 1991 |title=SHUTTLE MISSION PUTS COMPUTERS TO THE TEST NASA makes Grid, Macintosh space-friendly |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1991-08-12-1991224096-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022010624/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1991-08-12-1991224096-story.html |archive-date=22 October 2020 |access-date=27 May 2022 |website=Baltimore Sun}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://support.apple.com/kb/TA30635?viewlocale=en_US |title=Macintosh Portable: Used in Space Shuttle |publisher=Support.apple.com |access-date=23 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Linzmayer|first=Owen W.|title=Apple confidential 2.0 : the definitive history of the world's most colorful company|year=2004|publisher=No Starch Press|location=San Francisco, Calif.|isbn=1-59327-010-0|edition=[Rev. 2. ed.].}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.macobserver.com/columns/thisweek/2004/20040831.shtml |title=This Week in Apple History&nbsp;– August 22–31: "Welcome, IBM. Seriously", Too Late to License |publisher=The Mac Observer |date=31 October 2004 |access-date=23 October 2012}}</ref> Apple and other laptop computers continue to be flown aboard crewed spaceflights, though the only long-duration flight certified computer for the International Space Station is the [[ThinkPad#Use in space|ThinkPad]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/space/space_thinkpad.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720220124/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/space/space_thinkpad.html|url-status=dead|title=IBM Archives: IBM ThinkPads in space|date=23 January 2003|archivedate=20 July 2011|website=www.ibm.com}}</ref> As of 2011, over 100 ThinkPads were aboard the ISS. Laptops used aboard the International Space Station and other spaceflights are generally the same ones that [[commercial off-the-shelf|can be purchased]] by the general public but needed modifications are made to allow them to be used safely and effectively in a weightless environment such as updating the cooling systems to function without relying on hot air rising and accommodation for the lower cabin air pressure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewnews.html?id=213|title=2001: A Space Laptop – SpaceRef – Your Space Reference|website=www.spaceref.com|date=18 September 2000|access-date=10 June 2011|archive-date=19 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319233051/https://spaceref.com/uncategorized/2001-a-space-laptop/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Laptops operating in harsh usage environments and conditions, such as strong vibrations, extreme temperatures, and wet or dusty conditions differ from those used in space in that they are [[Rugged computer|custom designed]] for the task and do not use [[commercial off-the-shelf]] hardware.