Editing Multiple sclerosis (section)

== History ==
=== Medical discovery ===
[[File:Carswell-Multiple Sclerosis2.jpg|thumb|Detail of Carswell's drawing of MS lesions in the [[brain stem]] and [[spinal cord]] (1838)]]
[[Robert Carswell (pathologist)|Robert Carswell]] (1793–1857), a British professor of [[pathology]], and [[Jean Cruveilhier]] (1791–1873), a French professor of pathologic anatomy, described and illustrated many of the disease's clinical details, but did not identify it as a separate disease.<ref name="pmid3066846">{{cite journal | vauthors = Compston A | title = The 150th anniversary of the first depiction of the lesions of multiple sclerosis | journal = Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry | volume = 51 | issue = 10 | pages = 1249–52 | date = October 1988 | pmid = 3066846 | pmc = 1032909 | doi = 10.1136/jnnp.51.10.1249 }}</ref> Specifically, Carswell described the injuries he found as "a remarkable lesion of the spinal cord accompanied with atrophy".<ref name="pmid1897097722"/> Under the microscope, Swiss pathologist [[Georg Eduard Rindfleisch]] (1836–1908) noted in 1863 that the inflammation-associated lesions were distributed around blood vessels.<ref name="pmid10603616">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lassmann H | title = The pathology of multiple sclerosis and its evolution | journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences | volume = 354 | issue = 1390 | pages = 1635–40 | date = October 1999 | pmid = 10603616 | pmc = 1692680 | doi = 10.1098/rstb.1999.0508 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lassmann H | title = Multiple sclerosis pathology: evolution of pathogenetic concepts | journal = Brain Pathology | volume = 15 | issue = 3 | pages = 217–22 | date = July 2005 | pmid = 16196388 | doi = 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2005.tb00523.x | s2cid = 8342303 | pmc = 8095927 }}</ref>

The French [[neurologist]] [[Jean-Martin Charcot]] (1825–1893) was the first person to recognize multiple sclerosis as a distinct disease in 1868.<ref name="pmid3066846" /> Summarizing previous reports and adding his own clinical and pathological observations, Charcot called the disease ''sclerose en plaques''.

=== Diagnosis history ===
The first attempt to establish a set of diagnostic criteria was also due to Charcot in 1868. He published what now is known as the "[[Charcot's neurologic triad|Charcot triad]]", consisting of nystagmus, [[intention tremor]], and [[telegraphic speech]] (scanning speech).<ref name="Milo">{{cite journal | vauthors = Milo R, Miller A | title = Revised diagnostic criteria of multiple sclerosis | journal = Autoimmunity Reviews | volume = 13 | issue = 4–5 | pages = 518–524 | date = April 2014 | pmid = 24424194 | doi = 10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.012 }}</ref> Charcot also observed cognition changes, describing his patients as having a "marked enfeeblement of the memory" and "conceptions that formed slowly".<ref name="Charcot1" />

The diagnosis was based on Charcot triad and clinical observation until Schumacher made the first attempt to standardize criteria in 1965 by introducing some fundamental requirements: Dissemination of the lesions in time (DIT) and space (DIS), and that "signs and symptoms cannot be explained better by another disease process".<ref name="Milo" /> The DIT and DIS requirement was later inherited by the Poser and McDonald criteria, whose 2017 revision is in use.<ref name="Milo" /><ref name=Oh2018>{{cite journal |vauthors=Oh J, Vidal-Jordana A, Montalban X |title=Multiple sclerosis: clinical aspects |journal=Curr Opin Neurol |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=752–759 |date=December 2018 |pmid=30300239 |doi=10.1097/WCO.0000000000000622 |url=https://repositorio.ufms.br/handle/123456789/4900 |archive-date=25 November 2024 |access-date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125061549/https://repositorio.ufms.br/handle/123456789/4900 |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the 20th century, theories about the cause and pathogenesis were developed and effective treatments began to appear in the 1990s.<ref name="pmid1897097722"/> Since the beginning of the 21st century, refinements of the concepts have taken place.  The 2010 revision of the McDonald criteria allowed for the diagnosis of MS with only one proved lesion (CIS).<ref name=mcdonald2010>{{cite journal | vauthors = Polman CH, Reingold SC, Banwell B, Clanet M, Cohen JA, Filippi M, Fujihara K, Havrdova E, Hutchinson M, Kappos L, Lublin FD, Montalban X, O'Connor P, Sandberg-Wollheim M, Thompson AJ, Waubant E, Weinshenker B, Wolinsky JS | title = Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 revisions to the McDonald criteria | journal = Annals of Neurology | volume = 69 | issue = 2 | pages = 292–302 | date = February 2011 | pmid = 21387374 | pmc = 3084507 | doi = 10.1002/ana.22366 }}</ref>

In 1996, the US National Multiple Sclerosis Society (NMSS) (Advisory Committee on Clinical Trials) defined the first version of the clinical phenotypes that is in use. In this first version, they provided standardized definitions for four MS clinical courses: relapsing-remitting (RR), secondary progressive (SP), primary progressive (PP), and progressive relapsing (PR). In 2010, PR was dropped and CIS was incorporated.<ref name=mcdonald2010 /> Three years later, the 2013 revision of the "phenotypes for the disease course" were forced to consider CIS as one of the phenotypes of MS, making obsolete some expressions like "conversion from CIS to MS".<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lublin FD, Reingold SC, Cohen JA, Cutter GR, Sørensen PS, Thompson AJ, Wolinsky JS, Balcer LJ, Banwell B, Barkhof F, Bebo B, Calabresi PA, Clanet M, Comi G, Fox RJ, Freedman MS, Goodman AD, Inglese M, Kappos L, Kieseier BC, Lincoln JA, Lubetzki C, Miller AE, Montalban X, O'Connor PW, Petkau J, Pozzilli C, Rudick RA, Sormani MP, Stüve O, Waubant E, Polman CH | title = Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: the 2013 revisions | journal = Neurology | volume = 83 | issue = 3 | pages = 278–86 | date = July 2014 | pmid = 24871874 | pmc = 4117366 | doi = 10.1212/WNL.0000000000000560 }}</ref> Other organizations have proposed later new clinical phenotypes, like HAMS (Highly Active MS).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sørensen PS, Centonze D, Giovannoni G, Montalban X, Selchen D, Vermersch P, Wiendl H, Yamout B, Salloukh H, Rieckmann P | title = Expert opinion on the use of cladribine tablets in clinical practice | journal = Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders | volume = 13 | pages = 1756286420935019 | date = 24 June 2020 | pmid = 32636933 | doi = 10.1177/1756286420935019 | pmc = 7318823 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

=== Historical cases ===
[[File:Animal locomotion. Plate 541 (Boston Public Library).jpg|thumb|Photographic study of locomotion of a woman with MS with walking difficulties created in 1887 by [[Muybridge]]]]

There are several historical accounts of people who probably had MS and lived before or shortly after the disease was described by Charcot.

A young woman called Halldora who lived in [[Iceland]] around 1200 suddenly lost her vision and mobility but recovered them seven days after. [[Saint Lidwina]] of [[Schiedam]] (1380–1433), a Dutch [[nun]], may be one of the first clearly identifiable people with MS. From the age of 16 until her death at 53, she had intermittent pain, weakness of the legs and vision loss: symptoms typical of MS.<ref name="pmid390966">{{cite journal | vauthors = Medaer R | title = Does the history of multiple sclerosis go back as far as the 14th century? | journal = Acta Neurologica Scandinavica | volume = 60 | issue = 3 | pages = 189–92 | date = September 1979 | pmid = 390966 | doi = 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1979.tb08970.x | s2cid = 221422840 }}</ref> Both cases have led to the proposal of a "Viking gene" hypothesis for the dissemination of the disease.<ref name="pmid16479124">{{cite journal | vauthors = Holmøy T | title = A Norse contribution to the history of neurological diseases | journal = European Neurology | volume = 55 | issue = 1 | pages = 57–8 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16479124 | doi = 10.1159/000091431 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

[[Augustus d'Este|Augustus Frederick d'Este]] (1794–1848), son of [[Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex]] and [[Lady Augusta Murray]] and a grandson of [[George&nbsp;III of the United Kingdom]], almost certainly had MS. D'Este left a detailed diary describing his 22 years living with the disease. His diary began in 1822 and ended in 1846, although it remained unknown until 1948. His symptoms began at age 28 with a sudden transient visual loss ([[amaurosis fugax]]) after the funeral of a friend. During his disease, he developed weakness in the legs, clumsiness of the hands, numbness, dizziness, bladder disturbance and [[erectile dysfunction]]. In 1844, he began to use a wheelchair. Despite his illness, he kept an optimistic view of life.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Firth D |title= The Case of August D'Esté |year=1948|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge}}</ref><ref name="pmid16103678">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pearce JM | title = Historical descriptions of multiple sclerosis | journal = European Neurology | volume = 54 | issue = 1 | pages = 49–53 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16103678 | doi = 10.1159/000087387 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Another early account of MS was kept by the British diarist [[W. N. P. Barbellion]], pen name of Bruce Frederick Cummings (1889–1919), who maintained a detailed log of his diagnosis and struggle.<ref name="pmid16103678" /> His diary was published in 1919 as ''[[The Journal of a Disappointed Man]]''.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Barbellion WN |title= The Journal of a Disappointed Man |url= https://archive.org/details/journaladisappo00wellgoog|year=1919|publisher=George H. Doran|location=New York|isbn= 0-7012-1906-8}}</ref> [[Charles Dickens]], a keen observer, described possible bilateral [[optic neuritis]] with reduced contrast vision and [[Uhthoff's phenomenon]] in the main female character of ''[[Bleak House]]'' (1852–1853), Esther Summerson.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Petzold A | title = Optic Neuritis: Another Dickensian Diagnosis | journal = Neuro-Ophthalmology | volume = 37 | issue = 6 | pages = 247–250 | date = 2013 | pmid = 28167994 | pmc = 5291069 | doi = 10.3109/01658107.2013.830313 }}</ref>