Editing Open access (section)

== Policies and mandates ==
{{Main|Open access mandate}}
Many universities, research institutions and research funders have adopted mandates requiring their researchers to make their research publications open access.<ref>{{harvnb|Suber|2012|pp=77–78}}</ref> For example, Research Councils UK spent nearly £60m on supporting their open access mandate between 2013 and 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RCUK Open Access Block Grant analysis - Research Councils UK |url=http://www.rcuk.ac.uk/research/openaccess/rcuk-open-access-block-grant-analysis/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831011424/http://www.rcuk.ac.uk/redirect/?newurl=%2F |archive-date=31 August 2020 |access-date=12 February 2018 |website=www.rcuk.ac.uk}}</ref> New mandates are often announced during the Open Access Week, that takes place each year during the last full week of October.

The idea of mandating self-archiving was raised at least as early as 1998.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harnad |first=Stevan |title=Re: Savings from Converting to On-Line-Only: 30%- or 70%+ ? |url=https://www.southampton.ac.uk/~harnad/Hypermail/Amsci/0010.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051210134951/http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/Hypermail/Amsci/0010.html |archive-date=10 December 2005 |publisher=University of Southampton}}</ref> Since 2003<ref>{{Cite web |title=(#710) What Provosts Need to Mandate |url=http://listserver.sigmaxi.org/sc/wa.exe?A2=ind03&L=american-scientist-open-access-forum&F=l&S=&P=91229 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070111122801/http://listserver.sigmaxi.org/sc/wa.exe?A2=ind03&L=american-scientist-open-access-forum&F=l&S=&P=91229 |archive-date=11 January 2007 |website=American Scientist Open Access Forum Archives |publisher=Listserver.sigmaxi.org}}</ref> efforts have been focused on open access mandating by the funders of research: governments,<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 1998 |title=Recommendations For UK Open-Access Provision Policy |url=http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/Temp/UKSTC.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107102525/http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/Temp/UKSTC.htm |archive-date=7 January 2006 |publisher=Ecs.soton.ac.uk}}</ref> research funding agencies,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Open Access |url=http://www.rcuk.ac.uk/research/openaccess/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226210902/http://www.rcuk.ac.uk/research/openaccess/ |archive-date=26 December 2015 |access-date=19 December 2015 |website=RCUK}}</ref> and universities.<ref name="roarmap">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140916163300/http://roarmap.eprints.org/view/type/institutional=5Fmandate.html About the Repository – ROARMAP]. Roarmap.eprints.org. Retrieved on 3 December 2011.</ref> Some publishers and publisher associations have lobbied against introducing mandates.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Palazzo |first=Alex |date=27 August 2007 |title=PRISM – a new lobby against open access |url=http://scienceblogs.com/transcript/2007/08/27/prism-a-new-lobby-against-open/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022101548/http://scienceblogs.com/transcript/2007/08/27/prism-a-new-lobby-against-open/ |archive-date=22 October 2013 |access-date=17 October 2013 |website=Science Blogs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Basken |first=Paul |date=5 January 2012 |title=Science-Journal Publishers Take Fight Against Open-Access Policies to Congress |url=http://chronicle.com/blogs/ticker/science-journal-publishers-take-fight-against-open-access-policies-to-congress/39545 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017150639/http://chronicle.com/blogs/ticker/science-journal-publishers-take-fight-against-open-access-policies-to-congress/39545 |archive-date=17 October 2013 |access-date=17 October 2013 |website=The Chronicle of Higher Education}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Albanese |first=Andrew |date=15 February 2013 |title=Publishers Blast New Open Access Bill, FASTR |url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/digital/copyright/article/55988-publishers-blast-new-open-access-bill-fastr.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017213922/http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/digital/copyright/article/55988-publishers-blast-new-open-access-bill-fastr.html |archive-date=17 October 2013 |access-date=17 October 2013 |website=Publishers Weekly}}</ref>

In 2002, the University of Southampton's School of Electronics & Computer Science became one of the first schools to implement a meaningful mandatory open access policy, in which authors had to contribute copies of their articles to the school's repository. More institutions followed suit in the following years.<ref name=":0" /> In 2007, Ukraine became the first country to create a national policy on open access, followed by Spain in 2009. Argentina, Brazil, and Poland are currently in the process of developing open access policies. Making master's and doctoral theses open access is an increasingly popular mandate by many educational institutions.<ref name=":0" />

In the US, the [[NIH Public Access Policy]] has required since 2008 that papers describing research funded by the National Institutes of Health must be available to the public free through [[PubMed Central]] (PMC) within 12 months of publication. In 2022, US President [[Joe Biden|Joe Biden's]] [[Office of Science and Technology Policy]] issued a memorandum calling for the removal of the 12-month embargo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OSTP Issues Guidance to Make Federally Funded Research Freely Available Without Delay {{!}} OSTP |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/ostp/news-updates/2022/08/25/ostp-issues-guidance-to-make-federally-funded-research-freely-available-without-delay/ |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=The White House |date=25 August 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> By the end of 2025, US federal agencies must require all results (papers, documents and data) produced as a result of US government-funded research to be available to the public immediately upon publication.<ref>{{Cite web |title=White House requires immediate public access to all U.S.-funded research papers by 2025 |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/white-house-requires-immediate-public-access-all-u-s--funded-research-papers-2025 |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=www.science.org |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, the Council of the [[European Union]] recommended the implementation of an open-access and not-for-profit model for research publishing by the [[European Commission]] and member states. These recommendations are not legally binding and received mixed reactions. While welcomed by some members of the academic community, [[Academic publishing|publishers]] argued that the suggested model is unrealistic due to the lack of crucial funding details. Furthermore, the council's recommendations raised concerns within the publishing industry regarding the potential implications, and they also emphasized the importance of research integrity and the need for member states to address [[Predatory publishing|predatory journals]] and [[paper mill]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanderson |first=Katharine |date=2023-06-02 |title=EU council's 'no pay' publishing model draws mixed response |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-01810-7 |journal=Nature |language=en |doi=10.1038/d41586-023-01810-7|pmid=37264131 |s2cid=259023820 }}</ref>

In 2024, the [[Gates Foundation]] announced a "preprint-centric" open access policy, and their intention to stop paying APCs.<ref name="Lenharo 2024 b052">{{cite journal | last=Lenharo | first=Mariana | title=Will the Gates Foundation's preprint-centric policy help open access? | journal=Nature | publisher=Nature Publishing Group | date=2024-04-04 | doi=10.1038/d41586-024-00996-8 | pmid=38575826 | url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-00996-8 | access-date=2024-04-06}}</ref> In 2024, the government of Japan also announced a Green open access policy, requiring that government-funded research be made freely available on institutional preprint repositories from April 2025.<ref name="Chawla 2024">{{cite journal | last=Singh Chawla | first=Dalmeet | title=Japan's push to make all research open access is taking shape | journal=Nature | date=2024-05-30 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/d41586-024-01493-8 | page=| pmid=38822103 }}</ref>

=== Compliance ===
As of March 2021, [[open-access mandate]]s have been registered by over 100 research funders and 800 universities worldwide, compiled in the [[Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Browse by Policymaker Type|url=http://roarmap.eprints.org/view/policymaker_type/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190312001632/http://roarmap.eprints.org/view/policymaker_type/|archive-date=12 March 2019|access-date=5 March 2019|website=ROARMAP}}</ref> As these sorts of mandates increase in prevalence, collaborating researchers may be affected by several at once. Tools such as [[SWORD (protocol)|SWORD]] can help authors manage sharing between repositories.<ref name=":0" />

Compliance rates with ''voluntary'' open access policies remain low (as low as 5%).<ref name=":0" /> However it has been demonstrated that more successful outcomes are achieved by policies that are compulsory and more specific, such as specifying maximum permissible embargo times.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pontika|first1=Nancy|last2=Rozenberga|first2=Dace|date=2015-03-05|title=Developing strategies to ensure compliance with funders' open access policies|journal=Insights: The UKSG Journal|language=en|volume=28|issue=1|pages=32–36|doi=10.1629/uksg.168|issn=2048-7754 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Compliance with compulsory open-access mandates varies between funders from 27% to 91% (averaging 67%).<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Kirkman|first1=Noreen|last2=Haddow|first2=Gaby|date=2020-06-15|title=Compliance with the first funder open access policy in Australia|url=http://informationr.net/ir/25-2/paper857.html|access-date=2021-04-03|website=informationr.net|language=en}}</ref> From March 2021, [[Google Scholar]] started tracking and indicating compliance with funders' open-access mandates, although it only checks whether items are free-to-read, rather than openly licensed.<ref name="2103Nature" />