Editing Psychoanalysis (section)

===United States===
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Psychoanalytic training in the United States tends to vary according to the program, but it involves a personal psychoanalysis for the trainee, approximately 300 to 600 hours of class instruction, with a standard curriculum, over a two to five-year period.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Winarick |first=Kenneth |date=2010-03-01 |title=Training at the American Institute for Psychoanalysis |url=https://doi.org/10.1057/ajp.2009.43 |journal=The American Journal of Psychoanalysis |language=en |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=61–62 |doi=10.1057/ajp.2009.43 |pmid=20212440 |s2cid=40577817 |issn=1573-6741|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Typically, this psychoanalysis must be conducted by a Supervising and Training Analyst. Most institutes (but not all) within the American Psychoanalytic Association require that Supervising and Training Analysts become certified by the American Board of Psychoanalysts. Certification entails a blind review in which the psychoanalyst's work is vetted by psychoanalysts outside of their local community. After earning certification, these psychoanalysts undergo another hurdle in which they are specially vetted by senior members of their own institute and held to the highest ethical and moral standards. Moreover, they are required to have extensive experience conducting psychoanalyses.<ref>{{cite web|title=What is Certification?|url=https://www.abpsa.org/page-18053|date=2017-06-09}}</ref>

Candidates generally have an hour of supervision each week per psychoanalytic case. The minimum number of cases varies between institutes. Candidates often have two to four cases; both male and female cases are required. Supervision extends at least a few years on one or more cases. During supervision, the trainee presents material from the psychoanalytic work that week. With the supervisor, the trainee then explores the patient's unconscious conflicts with examination of transference-countertransference constellations.<ref name="academic.oup.com" />

Many psychoanalytic training centers in the United States have been accredited by special committees of the APsaA or the IPA. Because of theoretical differences, there are independent institutes, usually founded by psychologists, who until 1987 were not permitted access to psychoanalytic training institutes of the APsaA. Currently, there are between 75 and 100 independent institutes in the United States. As well, other institutes are affiliated to other organizations such as the [[American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry]], and the National Association for the Advancement of Psychoanalysis. At most psychoanalytic institutes in the United States, qualifications for entry include a terminal degree in a mental health field, such as Ph.D., Psy.D., M.S.W., or M.D. A few institutes restrict applicants to those already holding an M.D. or Ph.D., and most institutes in Southern California confer a Ph.D. or [[Psy.D.]] in psychoanalysis upon graduation, which involves completion of the necessary requirements for the state boards that confer that doctoral degree. The first training institute in America to educate non-medical psychoanalysts was The National Psychological Association for Psychoanalysis (1978) in New York City. It was founded by the analyst Theodor Reik. The Contemporary Freudian (originally the New York Freudian Society), an offshoot of the National Psychological Association has a branch in Washington, DC. It is a component society/institute or the IPA.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}

Some psychoanalytic training has been set up as a post-doctoral fellowship in university settings, such as at Duke University, Yale University, New York University, Adelphi University and Columbia University. Other psychoanalytic institutes may not be directly associated with universities, but the faculty at those institutes usually hold contemporaneous faculty positions with psychology Ph.D. programs and/or with medical school psychiatry residency programs.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}

In recent decades, some graduate schools and psychoanalytic institutions have developed programs leading to [[Doctoral education in psychoanalysis|doctoral degrees in psychoanalysis]]. Several institutions in the United States have offered such degrees, such as the [[Boston Graduate School of Psychoanalysis]] (which awards the Doctor of Psychoanalysis or Psya.D. degree<ref>{{Cite web |title=Doctor of Psychoanalysis (PsyaD) |url=https://bgsp.edu/academics/degree-programs/doctor-of-psychoanalysis/ |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=Boston Graduate School of Psychoanalysis |language=en-US}}</ref>) and the Center for Psychoanalytic Study in [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], (which awarded the D.Psa. degree). In addition, a number of psychoanalytic training institutes in [[California]] historically awarded doctoral degrees (including [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] and [[Doctor of Psychology|Psy.D.]] degrees), including the Institute of Contemporary Psychoanalysis, the [[New Center for Psychoanalysis|Los Angeles Psychoanalytic Society and Institute]], the [[New Center for Psychoanalysis]], the Newport Psychoanalytic Institute, the [[Psychoanalytic Center of California]], and Psychoanalytic Institute of Northern California, and the [[New Center for Psychoanalysis|Southern California Psychoanalytic Institute and Society]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bureau for Private and Post-Secondary Education – BPPE |url=https://www.bppe.ca.gov/ |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=www.bppe.ca.gov |language=en}}</ref> Internationally, several universities award doctoral degrees in psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic studies, including [[University College London]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=UCL |date=2018-06-05 |title=MPhil/PhD in Psychoanalytic Studies |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/psychoanalysis/mphilphd-psychoanalytic-studies |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=Psychoanalysis Unit |language=en}}</ref> and the [[University of Essex]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PhD Psychoanalytic Studies – Psychoanalytic Studies Degree {{!}} University of Essex |url=https://www.essex.ac.uk/courses/PR00969/1/PhD-Psychoanalytic-Studies |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=www.essex.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref>

The IPA is the world's primary accrediting and regulatory body for psychoanalysis. Their mission is to assure the continued vigor and development of psychoanalysis for the benefit of psychoanalytic patients. It works in partnership with its 70 constituent organizations in 33 countries to support 11,500 members. In the US, there are 77 psychoanalytical organizations, institutes and associations, which are spread across the states. APsaA has 38 affiliated societies which have 10 or more active members who practice in a given geographical area. The aims of APsaA and other psychoanalytical organizations are: to provide ongoing educational opportunities for its members, stimulate the development and research of psychoanalysis, provide training, and organize conferences. There are eight affiliated study groups in the United States. A study group is the first level of integration of a psychoanalytical body within the IPA, followed by a provisional society and finally a member society.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}

The Division of Psychoanalysis (39) of the [[American Psychological Association]] (APA) was established in the early 1980s by several psychologists. Until the establishment of the Division of Psychoanalysis, psychologists who had trained in independent institutes had no national organization. The Division of Psychoanalysis now has approximately 4,000 members and approximately 30 local chapters in the United States. The Division of Psychoanalysis holds two annual meetings or conferences and offers continuing education in theory, research and clinical technique, as do their affiliated local chapters. The European Psychoanalytical Federation (EPF) is the organization which consolidates all European psychoanalytic societies. This organization is affiliated with the IPA. In 2002, there were approximately 3,900 individual members in 22 countries, speaking 18 different languages. There are also 25 psychoanalytic societies.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}

The American Association of Psychoanalysis in Clinical Social Work (AAPCSW) was established by Crayton Rowe in 1980 as a division of the Federation of Clinical Societies of Social Work and became an independent entity in 1990. Until 2007 it was known as the National Membership Committee on Psychoanalysis. The organization was founded because although social workers represented the largest number of people who were training to be psychoanalysts, they were underrepresented as supervisors and teachers at the institutes they attended. AAPCSW now has over 1000 members and has over 20 chapters. It holds a bi-annual national conference and numerous annual local conferences.<ref name="AAPCSWHistory">{{cite web |title=History |url=https://www.aapcsw.org/about_us/history.html |website=American Association for Psychoanalysis in Clinical Social Work |publisher=AAPCSW |access-date=23 February 2025}}</ref>

Experiences of psychoanalysts and psychoanalytic psychotherapists and research into infant and child development have led to new insights. Theories have been further developed and the results of [[empirical research]] are now more integrated in the [[psychoanalytic theory]].<ref name="NPI">{{citation |url = http://www.psychoanalytischinstituut.nl/ |title = Nederlands Psychoanalytisch Instituut |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081014064319/http://www.psychoanalytischinstituut.nl/ |archive-date = 2008-10-14 }}</ref>