Editing Child marriage (section)

===Europe===

====General====
Each European country has its own laws; in both the [[European Union]] and the [[Council of Europe]] the marriageable age falls within the jurisdiction of individual member states. The [[Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence|Istanbul convention]], the first legally binding instrument in Europe in the field of violence against women and domestic violence,<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2014 |title=The Convention of Belém do Pará and the Istanbul Convention: A response to violence against women worldwide |url=https://www.oas.org/es/mesecvi/docs/CSW-SideEvent2014-Flyer-EN.pdf |access-date=3 November 2023 |website=[[Organization of American States]]}}</ref> only requires countries which ratify it to prohibit [[forced marriage]] (Article 37) and to ensure that forced marriages can be easily voided without further victimization (Article 32), but does not make any reference to a minimum age of marriage.

====European Union====
In the European Union, the general age of marriage ''as a right'' is 18 in all member states. When all exceptions are taken into account (such as judicial or parental consent), the minimum age is 16 in most countries. In 7 countries marriage under 18 is completely prohibited. By contrast, in 6 countries there is no set minimum age, although all these countries require the authorization of a public authority (such as a judge or social worker) for the marriage to take place.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan=2 | State
! colspan=2 | Minimum age
! rowspan=2 class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
!| Minimum age when all exceptions are taken into account
!| General age
|-
| {{flag|Austria}}
| 16
| 18
| 16 with parental consent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.austria.org/marriage-in-austria/|title=Marriage in Austria|website=Austria|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-date=11 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111041737/http://www.austria.org/marriage-in-austria/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Belgium}}
| data-sort-value="0"|none
| 18
| Younger than 18 and only after judicial consent (with no strict minimum age). With parental consent, serious reasons are required for a minor to obtain judicial consent for a marriage; without parental consent, serious reasons are required and the unwillingness of the parents has to constitute an abuse.<ref>Articles 144, 145, and 148 of the Civil Code of Belgium.</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Bulgaria}}
| 16
| 18
| The new 2009 Family Code fixes the age at 18, but allows for an exception for 16 years olds, stating that "Upon exception, in case that important reasons impose this, matrimony may be concluded by a person at the age of 16 with permission by the regional judge". It further states that both persons wanting to marry, as well as the parents/guardians of the minor, must be consulted by the judge. (Chapter 2, Article 6)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kenarova.com/law/Family%20Code.pdf |title=Family Code : General Provisions |publisher=Kenarova.com |access-date=2015-11-20}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Croatia}}
| 16
| 18
| 16 with judicial consent.
|-
| {{flag|Cyprus}}
| 16
| 18
| 16 with parental consent, if there are serious reasons for the marriage.<ref name="coe.int">{{cite web|url=http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/familypolicy/Source/4_1_i%20Legislation%20on%20marriage.pdf |title=Council of Europe Family Policy Database : 4. Social Policy and Family Law : Marriage, Divorce and Parenthood |publisher=Coe.int |access-date=2015-11-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010091437/http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/familypolicy/Source/4_1_i%20Legislation%20on%20marriage.pdf |archive-date=2015-10-10 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.youthpolicy.org/pdfs/factsheets/Cyprus.pdf |title=Youth Policy Fact Sheet : Cyprus |publisher=Youthpolicy.org |access-date=2015-11-20 |archive-date=24 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024100043/http://www.youthpolicy.org/pdfs/factsheets/Cyprus.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Czech Republic}}
| 16
| 18
| Article 672 of Act No. 89/2012 Coll. the Civil Code (which came into force in 2014) states that the court may, in exceptional cases, allow a marriage of a 16-year-old, if there are serious reasons for it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/2012-89|title=Občanský zákoník (nový) – č. 89/2012 Sb. – Aktuální znění|work=Zákony pro lidi|access-date=2015-07-28}}</ref> 
|-
| {{flag|Denmark}}
| 18
| 18
|Since 2017, marriage is no longer allowed under 18.<ref name=Denmark2019/>
|-
| {{flag|Estonia}}
| 18
| 18
| Since 2022, marriage under 18 is prohibited.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ESTONIA Comprehensive national review report |url=https://www.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/2024-09/b30_report_estonia_en.pdf |website=www.unwomen.org}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Finland}}
| 18
| 18
| Under 18 marriages with judicial authorization were banned in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ts.fi/uutiset/4487764|title=Lapsiavioliitot kielletään Suomessa – Oikeusministeri: "Lapsien tulee saada olla lapsia täysi-ikäisyyteen asti"|first=Niko|last=Vahtera|publisher=[[Turun Sanomat]]|date=20 February 2019|access-date=9 April 2019|language=fi}}</ref>

|-
| {{flag|France}}
| data-sort-value="0"|none
| 18
| Under 18 needs judicial authorization.<ref>{{Citation|title=Code civil – Article 145|url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070721&idArticle=LEGIARTI000006421971&dateTexte=20171110|access-date=2019-07-08}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Germany}}
| data-sort-value="17.9"|18/unclear
| 18
| The minimum age was set at 18 in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?startbk=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl&start=//*%5B@attr_id='bgbl117s2429.pdf'%5D#__bgbl__//*%5B@attr_id='bgbl117s2429.pdf'%5D__1502380300881|title=Bundesgesetzblatt|website=bgbl.de|access-date=2017-08-10}}</ref> In 2023, the German [[Federal Constitutional Court]] ruled this law in parts unconstitutional.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2023-03-29 |date=2023-02-01 |title=BVerfG, Beschluss des Ersten Senats vom 1. Februar 2023 - 1 BvL 7/18 |url=https://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/SharedDocs/Entscheidungen/DE/2023/02/ls20230201_1bvl000718.html |website=bundesverfassungsgericht.de}}<!-- auto-translated from German by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=2023-03-31 |title=Gesetz zur Bekämpfung von Kinderehen mangels Regelungen zu den Folgen und zu Fortführungsmöglichkeiten nach inländischem Recht unwirksamer Auslandskinderehen mit dem Grundgesetz unvereinbar |type=Pressemitteilung Nr. 36/2023 vom 29. März 2023 |url=https://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/SharedDocs/Pressemitteilungen/DE/2023/bvg23-036.html}}<!-- auto-translated from German by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>
|-
| {{flag|Greece}}
| data-sort-value="0"|none
| 18
| |Under 18 requires court permission, which may be given if there are serious reasons for such a marriage<ref name="coe.int"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://greece.angloinfo.com/family/marriage-partnerships/|title=Getting Married in Greece|access-date=28 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717165849/http://greece.angloinfo.com/family/marriage-partnerships/|archive-date=17 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Hungary}}
| 16
| 18
| 16 with authorization from the guardianship authority<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.impowr.org/content/current-legal-framework-marriage-or-child-marriage-hungary |title=Current Legal Framework: Marriage or Child Marriage in Hungary |publisher=impowr.org |access-date=2015-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024830/http://www.impowr.org/content/current-legal-framework-marriage-or-child-marriage-hungary |archive-date=2015-11-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Ireland}}
| 18
| 18
| Since 2019, marriage under 18 is banned.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/birth_family_relationships/getting_married/legal_prerequisites_for_marriage.html|title=Legal requirements for marriage|last=Citizensinformation.ie|website=citizensinformation.ie|language=en|access-date=2019-08-26}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Italy}}
| 16
| 18
| 16 with court consent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://r2e.gn.apc.org/country-node/443/country-minimum|title=National law and policies on minimum ages – Italy – Right to Education|website=r2e.gn.apc.org|access-date=3 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110225502/http://r2e.gn.apc.org/country-node/443/country-minimum|archive-date=10 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Latvia}}
| 16
| 18
| 16 with court consent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://r2e.gn.apc.org/country-node/362/country-minimum|title=National law and policies on minimum ages – Latvia – Right to Education|website=r2e.gn.apc.org|access-date=3 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110225457/http://r2e.gn.apc.org/country-node/362/country-minimum|archive-date=10 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Lithuania}}
| data-sort-value="1"|none girls/15 boys
| 18
| 15 with court permission. Girls can marry below 15 with court permission if they are pregnant.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:yvIqWHiISFgJ:www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/CsaLithuania.pdf+lithuania+age+of+consent+interpol&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESi0C0o0KxrchPH7-cgnwLw8l9STSGqek6FgmlZbX1FW219q-nhlrRA4pHiMnbOZlQD4Ci-z8_TPuz3JGI5j3QeqE73RMNsoRtKjdtK-qJ9OxiQh8kGTRKil4Aoc80DOVrh4BX0X&sig=AHIEtbRwMRy1vEGSvVjsc2QmIUNUFc_l2A |title=Powered by Google Docs |access-date=2013-01-14}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Luxembourg}}
| data-sort-value="0"|none
| 18
| Under 18 need judicial permission. New laws of 2014 fixed the marriageable at 18 for both sexes; prior to these regulations the age was 16 for females and 18 for males. The new laws still allow both sexes to obtain judicial consent to get married under 18.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guichet.public.lu/citoyens/fr/actualites/2014/06/19-mariage-gay/index.html|title=Mariage et adoption s'ouvrent aux couples de personnes du même sexe|access-date=28 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024116/http://www.guichet.public.lu/citoyens/fr/actualites/2014/06/19-mariage-gay/index.html|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Malta}}
| 16
| 18
| 16 with parental consent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.justiceservices.gov.mt/DownloadDocument.aspx?app=lom&itemid=8749&l=1 |title=Marriage Act, Section 3 "Restrictions on Marriage" |access-date=2016-04-08}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Netherlands}}
| 18
| 18
|Exceptions were removed by a change in the law in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0037085/2015-12-05|title=wetten.nl – Regeling – Wet tegengaan huwelijksdwang – BWBR0037085|website=wetten.overheid.nl|language=nl|access-date=2018-06-03}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Poland}}
| data-sort-value="16.1"|16 girls/18 boys
| 18
| 16 for girls with court consent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://r2e.gn.apc.org/country-node/489/country-minimum|title=National law and policies on minimum ages – Poland – Right to Education|website=r2e.gn.apc.org|access-date=3 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110225409/http://r2e.gn.apc.org/country-node/489/country-minimum|archive-date=10 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Portugal}}
| 16
| 18
| 16 with parental consent.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.angloinfo.com/how-to/portugal/family/marriage-partnerships|title=Getting Married in Portugal – Portugal – Angloinfo|access-date=3 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Romania}}
| 16
| 18
| 16, if there are valid reasons, with both judicial and parental permission, as well as medical approval.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://legeaz.net/noul-cod-civil/art-272-varsta-matrimoniala-conditiile-de-fond-pentru-incheierea-casatoriei-incheierea-casatoriei |title=Art. 272 Noul cod civil Vârsta matrimonială Condiţiile de fond pentru încheierea căsătoriei Încheierea căsătoriei &#124; Noul Cod Civil actualizat 2015 – Legea 287/2009 |publisher=Legeaz.net |date=29 October 2011 |access-date=2015-11-20}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Slovakia}}
| 16
| 18
| 16 with court consent, with a serious reason such as pregnancy.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}
|-
| {{flag|Slovenia}}
| data-sort-value="0"|none
| 18
| Under 18 may be approved by the Social Work Centre if there are "well founded reasons" arising upon the investigation of the situation of the minor. (Art 23, 24 of the Law on Marriage and Family Relations).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mddsz.gov.si/fileadmin/mddsz.gov.si/pageuploads/dokumenti__pdf/zakonodaja/law_on_marriage_and_family_relations.pdf |title=Law on marriage and family relations |access-date=2017-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417042710/http://www.mddsz.gov.si/fileadmin/mddsz.gov.si/pageuploads/dokumenti__pdf/zakonodaja/law_on_marriage_and_family_relations.pdf |archive-date=2018-04-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Spain}}
| 16
| 18
| 16 with court consent.
|-
| {{flag|Sweden}}
| 18
| 18
| Not possible to marry under the age of 18 for Swedish citizens since 1 July 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lansstyrelsen.se/Stockholm/En/manniska-och-samhalle/vigsel/Pages/default.aspx|title=Marriage|last=Marriage|website=lansstyrelsen.se|access-date=2017-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024111611/http://www.lansstyrelsen.se/Stockholm/En/manniska-och-samhalle/vigsel/Pages/default.aspx|archive-date=2017-10-24|url-status=dead}}</ref> Authorities take a different approach to individuals who were already married when they arrived in Sweden, as during the [[European migrant crisis]], the [[Swedish Migration Agency]] identified 132 married children, of which 65 were in [[Malmö]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sydsvenskan.se/2016-06-21/132-gifta-barn-i-sverige-65-i-malmo|title=132 gifta barn i Sverige – 65 i Malmö|work=Sydsvenskan|access-date=2018-02-13|language=sv-SE}}</ref>
|}

====Scandinavia====
In April 2016, [[Reuters]] reported "Child brides sometimes tolerated in Nordic asylum centers despite bans". For example, at least 70 girls under 18 were living as married couples in Sweden; in Norway, "some" under 16 lived "with their partners". In Denmark, it was determined there were "dozens of cases of girls living with older men", prompting Minister Inger Stojberg to state she would "stop housing child brides in asylum centers".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Doyle|first1=Alister|title=Child brides sometimes tolerated in Nordic asylum centers despite bans|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-brides-idUSKCN0XI1MZ?feedType=RSS&feedName=worldNews&rpc=69|access-date=2016-04-22|work=Reuters|location=Oslo|date=21 April 2016|quote=10 of those aged under 16 – the minimum local age for sex or marriage – were married and four had children, the Norwegian Directorate of Immigration (UDI) said. Of the 10 "some live in adult asylum centers, some in their own rooms and some with their partners", it said in emailed replies to Reuters questions ... Minister [[Inger Støjberg]] said that she would "stop housing child brides in asylum centers" after a review found dozens of cases of girls living with older men. ... authorities said that at least 70 girls under 18 were married in asylum centers run by municipalities including Stockholm and Malmo.}}</ref>

Marriage under 18 was completely banned in [[Sweden]] in 2014, in [[Denmark]] in 2017,<ref name=Denmark2019>{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.dk/samling/20161/lovforslag/l94/index.htm|title=SIDSTE STJERNEITEM|website=Folketinget|date=9 January 2017 }}</ref> and in [[Finland]] in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ts.fi/uutiset/4487764|title=Lapsiavioliitot kielletään Suomessa – Oikeusministeri: "Lapsien tulee saada olla lapsia täysi-ikäisyyteen asti"|date=20 September 2019|website=[[Turun Sanomat]]|language=fi|access-date=2019-08-26}}</ref>

====Balkans/Eastern Europe====
In these areas, child and forced marriages are associated with the [[Romani people|Roma]] community and with some rural populations. However, such marriages are illegal in most of the countries from that area. In recent years, many of those countries have taken steps in order to curb these practices, including equalizing the marriageable age of both sexes (e.g. Romania in 2007, Ukraine in 2012). Therefore, most of those 'marriages' are informal unions (without legal recognition) and often arranged from very young ages. Such practices are common in Serbia,<ref>[https://www.unicef.org/serbia/en/child-marriage-among-roma-population-serbia "Child marriages in the Roma population in Serbia"], UNICEF, 2017.</ref> Bulgaria and Romania<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/4972768/Romanian-gypsy-children-become-engaged-aged-six-and-four.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/4972768/Romanian-gypsy-children-become-engaged-aged-six-and-four.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Romanian gypsy children become engaged aged six and four|date=11 March 2009|access-date=2018-03-03|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/early-marriage-deters-lesser-roma-girls-from-school-in-bulgaria-02-22-2016|title=Bulgarian Roma Girls Still Quitting School Young|access-date=2018-03-03|date=22 February 2016}}</ref> (in these countries the marriageable age is 18, and can only be lowered to 16 in special circumstances with judicial approval<ref>[https://advokatiubeogradu.rs/zakoni/PORODICNI-ZAKON-REPUBLIKE-SRBIJE.pdf Porodični zakon Republike Srbije] "The Family Law of The Republic of Serbia: Article 23" (in Serbian), 2005.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=FAMILY CODE |url=https://kenarova.com/law/Family%20Code.pdf |access-date=3 November 2023 |website=kenarova.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://legeaz.net/noul-cod-civil/art-272-varsta-matrimoniala-conditiile-de-fond-pentru-incheierea-casatoriei-incheierea-casatoriei|title=Art. 272 Noul cod civil Vârsta matrimonială Condiţiile de fond pentru încheierea căsătoriei Încheierea căsătoriei|access-date=2018-03-03}}</ref>). A 2003 case involving the daughter of an informal 'gypsy king' of the area has made international news.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3159818.stm|title=Gypsy child couple separated|date=2 October 2003|access-date=2018-03-03|publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref>

====Belgium====
''[[The Washington Post]]'' reported in April 2016 that "17 child brides" arrived in Belgium in 2015 and a further 7 so far in 2016. The same report added that "Between 2010 and 2013, the police registered at least 56 complaints about a forced marriage."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ishaan|first1=Ishaan|title=Refugee child bride went on a hunger strike after Belgium separated her from husband|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/04/01/refugee-child-bride-went-on-a-hunger-strike-after-belgium-separated-her-from-husband/|access-date=2016-04-22|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=1 April 2016|quote=Official figures indicate some 17 child brides arrived among the refugee influx last year and another seven this year ... Belgium has had wider concerns over the prevalence of forced child marriages among some of the country's communities. Between 2010 and 2013, the police registered at least 56 complaints about a forced marriage.}}</ref>

==== Germany ====
In 2016 there were 1475 underage foreigners in Germany registered as married, of which 1100 were girls. [[Syrians in Germany|Syrians]] represented 664, [[Afghans in Germany|Afghans]] 157 and [[Iraqis in Germany|Iraqis]] 100. In July 2016, 361 foreign children under 14 were registered as married.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/gesellschaft/kinderehen-1475-minderjaehrige-in-deutschland-sind-verheiratet-a-1111624.html|title=Kinderehen: 1475 Minderjährige in Deutschland sind verheiratet|date=9 September 2016|work=Der Spiegel|access-date=2018-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125230033/http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/gesellschaft/kinderehen-1475-minderjaehrige-in-deutschland-sind-verheiratet-a-1111624.html|archive-date=2016-11-25}}</ref>

====Netherlands====
The Dutch government's National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings and Sexual Violence against Children wrote that "between September 2015 and January 2016 around 60 child brides entered the Netherlands".<ref>{{cite web|title=National Rapporteur concerned about Syrian child brides and Roma children|url=https://www.dutchrapporteur.nl/current/news/archief/new-report-national-rapporteur-concerned-about-syrian-child-brides-and-roma-children.aspx?cp=64&cs=69412|publisher=National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings and Sexual Violence against Children|access-date=2016-04-22|quote=child marriages occur in the Netherlands, drawing attention to the Syrian child brides who travel from Syria, often with an adult male. Between September 2015 and January 2016 around 60 child brides entered the Netherlands.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509024840/https://www.dutchrapporteur.nl/current/news/archief/new-report-national-rapporteur-concerned-about-syrian-child-brides-and-roma-children.aspx?cp=64&cs=69412|archive-date=2016-05-09|url-status=dead}}</ref> At least one was 14 years old.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dutchnews.nl/news/archives/2016/04/key-advisor-warns-on-child-brides-calls-for-more-action/|title=Key advisor warns on Syrian child brides, calls for more action – DutchNews.nl|date=15 April 2016|access-date=2016-07-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nltimes.nl/2016/04/14/some-60-syrian-child-brides-as-young-as-14-entered-netherlands/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20160823032923/http://www.nltimes.nl/2016/04/14/some-60-syrian-child-brides-as-young-as-14-entered-netherlands/|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 August 2016|title=Some 60 Syrian child brides, as young as 14, entered Netherlands|date=14 April 2016|access-date=2016-07-09}}</ref> ''The Washington Post'' reported that asylum centers in the Netherlands were "housing 20 child brides between ages 13 and 15" in 2015.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ishaan|first1=Ishaan|title=Refugee child bride went on a hunger strike after Belgium separated her from husband|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/04/01/refugee-child-bride-went-on-a-hunger-strike-after-belgium-separated-her-from-husband/|access-date=2016-04-22|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=1 April 2016|quote=Last year, asylum centers next door in the Netherlands were reportedly housing 20 child brides between ages 13 and 15.}}</ref>

====Russia====
The common marriageable age established by the [[Family Code of Russia]] is 18 years old. Marriages of persons at age from 16 to 18 years are allowed only with good reasons and by local municipal authority permission. Marriage before 16 years old may be allowed by [[federal subject of Russia]] law as an exception just in special circumstances.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://base.garant.ru/10105807/3/ |title=Ст. 13 Семейного кодекса РФ |date=30 December 2015 |publisher=[[Garant]] |access-date=2016-11-09 |language=ru }}</ref>

By 2016, a minimum age for marriage in special circumstances had been established at 14 years (in [[Adygea]],<ref name="ag">{{cite web |url=http://docs.cntd.ru/document/804932443 |title=Закон Республики Адыгея от 30 ноября 1998 г. N 101 "О порядке и условиях вступления в брак граждан Российской Федерации в возрасте от четырнадцати до шестнадцати лет, постоянно либо преимущественно проживающих на территории Республики Адыгея" |date=2 April 2012 |work=Электронный фонд правовой и нормативно-технической документации |publisher={{interlanguage link|Kodeks|ru|Кодекс (справочно-правовая система)}} |access-date=2016-12-16 |language=ru }}</ref> [[Kaluga Oblast]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://docs.cntd.ru/document/972205041 |title=Закон Калужской области от 06 июня 1997 года №10-ОЗ "О порядке и условиях вступления в брак на территории Калужской области лиц, не достигших возраста шестнадцати лет" |date=29 May 1997 |work=Электронный фонд правовой и нормативно-технической документации |publisher={{interlanguage link|Kodeks|ru|Кодекс (справочно-правовая система)}} |access-date=2016-12-16 |language=ru }}</ref> [[Magadan Oblast]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://docs.cntd.ru/document/412309526 |title=Закон Магаданской области от 04 мая 2001 года №182-ОЗ "О порядке и условиях получения разрешения на вступление в брак на территории Магаданской области лиц, не достигших возраста шестнадцати лет" (с изменениями на: 10.03.2016) |date=10 March 2016 |work=Электронный фонд правовой и нормативно-технической документации |publisher={{interlanguage link|Kodeks|ru|Кодекс (справочно-правовая система)}} |access-date=2016-12-16 |language=ru }}</ref> [[Moscow Oblast]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://docs.cntd.ru/document/819047310 |title=Закон Московской области от 30 апреля 2008 года №61/2008–ОЗ "О порядке и условиях вступления в брак на территории Московской области лиц, не достигших возраста шестнадцати лет" (с изменениями на 15 июля 2015 года) |date=15 July 2015 |work=Электронный фонд правовой и нормативно-технической документации |publisher={{interlanguage link|Kodeks|ru|Кодекс (справочно-правовая система)}} |access-date=2016-12-16 |language=ru }}</ref> [[Nizhny Novgorod Oblast]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://docs.cntd.ru/document/465505566 |title=Постановление Правительства Нижегородской области от 23 октября 2013 года №765 "Об утверждении Положения о порядке принятия решений о разрешении на вступление в брак гражданам, не достигшим возраста шестнадцати лет, в Нижегородской области" |date=23 October 2013 |work=Электронный фонд правовой и нормативно-технической документации |publisher={{interlanguage link|Kodeks|ru|Кодекс (справочно-правовая система)}} |access-date=2016-12-16 |language=ru }}</ref> [[Novgorod Oblast]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://docs.cntd.ru/document/424034453 |title=Закон Новгородской области от 02 февраля 2009 года №465-ОЗ "О порядке и условиях вступления в брак на территории Новгородской области лиц, не достигших возраста шестнадцати лет" (с изменениями на: 25.04.2014) |date=25 April 2014 |work=Электронный фонд правовой и нормативно-технической документации |publisher={{interlanguage link|Kodeks|ru|Кодекс (справочно-правовая система)}} |access-date=2016-12-16 |language=ru }}</ref> [[Oryol Oblast]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://docs.cntd.ru/document/453100152 |title=Закон Орловской области от 04 марта 2011 года №1177-ОЗ "О порядке и условиях выдачи разрешения на вступление в брак лицам, не достигшим возраста шестнадцати лет, в Орловской области" |date=4 March 2011 |work=Электронный фонд правовой и нормативно-технической документации |publisher={{interlanguage link|Kodeks|ru|Кодекс (справочно-правовая система)}} |access-date=2016-12-16 |language=ru }}</ref> [[Sakhalin Oblast]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://docs.cntd.ru/document/802032194 |title=Закон Сахалинской области от 11 июля 2005 года №46-ЗО "О порядке и условиях вступления в брак граждан, проживающих на территории Сахалинской области, не достигших возраста шестнадцати лет" (ред. от 29.06.2015) |date=29 June 2015 |work=Электронный фонд правовой и нормативно-технической документации |publisher={{interlanguage link|Kodeks|ru|Кодекс (справочно-правовая система)}} |access-date=2016-12-16 |language=ru }}</ref> [[Tambov Oblast]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://docs.cntd.ru/document/948000488 |title=Закон Тамбовской области от 24 июня 1997 года №120-З "О порядке и условиях вступления в брак на территории Тамбовской области лиц, не достигших возраста шестнадцати лет" (с изменениями на 5 мая 2014 года) |date=5 May 2014 |work=Электронный фонд правовой и нормативно-технической документации |publisher={{interlanguage link|Kodeks|ru|Кодекс (справочно-правовая система)}} |access-date=2016-12-16 |language=ru }}</ref> [[Tatarstan]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://docs.cntd.ru/document/429039678 |title=Закон Республики Татарстан от 13 января 2009 года №4-ЗРТ "Семейный кодекс Республики Татарстан" (с изменениями на 07.05.2016) |date=7 May 2016 |work=Электронный фонд правовой и нормативно-технической документации |publisher={{interlanguage link|Kodeks|ru|Кодекс (справочно-правовая система)}} |access-date=2016-12-16 |language=ru }}</ref> [[Vologda Oblast]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://docs.cntd.ru/document/453133717 |title=Закон Вологодской области от 14 августа 1996 года №95-ОЗ "О снижении брачного возраста" (с изменениями на: 27.11.2000) |date=27 November 2000 |work=Электронный фонд правовой и нормативно-технической документации |publisher={{interlanguage link|Kodeks|ru|Кодекс (справочно-правовая система)}} |access-date=2016-12-16 |language=ru }}</ref>) or to 15 years (in [[Murmansk Oblast]]<ref name="mur">{{cite web |url=http://docs.cntd.ru/document/913501229 |title=Закон Мурманской области от 18 ноября 1996 года №42-01-ЗМО "Об условиях и порядке вступления в брак лиц, не достигших возраста шестнадцати лет" |date=18 November 1996 |work=Электронный фонд правовой и нормативно-технической документации |publisher={{interlanguage link|Kodeks|ru|Кодекс (справочно-правовая система)}} |access-date=2016-12-16 |language=ru }}</ref> and [[Ryazan Oblast]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://docs.cntd.ru/document/423906474 |title=Закон Рязанской области от 30 декабря 2014 года №105-ОЗ "О порядке и условиях выдачи разрешения на вступление в брак лицам, не достигшим возраста шестнадцати лет" |date=30 December 2014 |work=Электронный фонд правовой и нормативно-технической документации |publisher={{interlanguage link|Kodeks|ru|Кодекс (справочно-правовая система)}} |access-date=2016-12-16 |language=ru }}</ref>). Others subjects of Russia also can have marriageable age laws.

Abatement of marriageable age is an ultimate measure acceptable in cases of life threat, pregnancy, and childbirth.<ref name="ag"/><ref name="mur"/>

====United Kingdom====
Since May 1, 2022, the marriageable age in both England and Wales is 18 with no exemptions (16 with consent of both parents or guardians, plus also a magistrate approval required within Northern Ireland only),<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.itv.com/news/2022-04-27/minimum-marriage-age-to-be-raised-from-16-to-18-in-england-and-wales | title=Minimum marriage age to be raised from 16 to 18 in England and Wales | date=28 April 2022 }}</ref><ref name=uklaw>{{cite web|title=Marriage Act 1949|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo6/12-13-14/76|website=legislation.gov.uk|access-date=6 March 2018|language=en|at=sections 2, 3 and 78 as amended by the Family Law Reform Act 1987}}</ref> although in [[Scotland]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Caloum|first1=Leslie|title=How has Scotland's law on marriage evolved over the centuries?|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-26019306|access-date=2015-02-15|publisher=BBC News|date=4 February 2014}}</ref> no parental consent is required over 16.<ref>{{cite web|title=Did You Know? – How to Get Married in Scotland|url=http://www.rampantscotland.com/know/blknow_marriage_howto.htm|access-date=2015-02-15}}</ref> Scotland and Andorra are the only European jurisdictions where 16-year-olds can marry as ''a right'' (i.e. without parental or court approval); see {{section link|Marriageable age|Europe}}.

According to a 2004 report in ''[[The Guardian]]'', girls as young as 12 have been smuggled into the UK to be the brides of men in the [[Islam in the United Kingdom|Muslim community]]. Girls trying to escape this child marriage can face death because this [[Honor killing|breaks the honor code]] of her husband and both families.<ref name="12 years guardian">{{cite web|last1=Hill|first1=Amelia|title=Revealed: the child brides who are forced to marry in Britain|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/feb/22/ukcrime.gender|website=The Guardian|date=22 February 2004 |access-date=2015-02-15}}</ref>

As with the United States, underage cohabitation is observed in the [[United Kingdom]]. According to a 2005 study, 4.1% of all girls in the 15–19 age group in the UK were cohabiting (living in an informal union), while 8.9% of all girls in that age group admitted to having been in a cohabitation relation (child marriage per UNICEF definition<ref name="Child Marriage"/>), before the age of 18. Over 4% of all underage girls in the UK were teenage mothers.<ref name=cohabitteen>Sharon K. Houseknecht and Susan K. Lewis, "Explaining Teen Childbearing and Cohabitation: Community Embeddedness and Primary Ties", ''Family Relations'', Vol. 54, No. 5, Families and Communities (Dec., 2005), pp. 607–620</ref>

In July 2014, the United Kingdom hosted its first global Girl Summit; the goal of the Summit was to increase efforts to end child, early, and [[forced marriage]], as well as [[female genital mutilation]] within a generation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/girl-summit-aims-end-child-marriage-223504733.html#lkd4Kdu |title='Girl Summit' Aims To End Child Marriage |publisher=Yahoo! News |date=22 July 2014 |access-date=2015-02-18}}</ref>