Editing Grand Central Terminal (section)

=== Replacement ===
[[File:Grand Central plan, 1905.jpg|thumb|alt=Sketch of a large Beaux-Arts building|Proposal of the associated architects of Grand Central during its construction, 1905]]
The new Grand Central Terminal was to be the biggest terminal in the world, both in the size of the building and in the number of tracks.<ref name="Roberts2013" /><ref name="Roberts" />{{Refn|The projects included:<ref>{{harvnb|ps=.|Schlichting|2001|pp=64–65}}</ref>
# excavation of Grand Central Yard
# construction of Grand Central's station building
# electrification of the Harlem, Hudson, and New Haven divisions
# lowering the [[Port Morris Branch]] tracks in the Bronx
# building tunnels along the Hudson Division around the [[Harlem River Ship Canal]] in [[Marble Hill, Manhattan]] (ultimately never built, as the Harlem River Ship Canal was relocated)
# eliminating grade crossings
# adding tracks on the Harlem and New Haven divisions|group=N}} It was meant to compete with [[Pennsylvania Station (1910–1963)|Pennsylvania Station]], a majestic electric-train hub being built on Manhattan's west side for arch-rival [[Pennsylvania Railroad]] by [[McKim, Mead & White]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/penn/|title=The Rise and Fall of Penn Station – American Experience|last=McLowery|first=Randall|date=February 18, 2014|publisher=PBS|access-date=December 10, 2018|archive-date=May 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505231352/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/penn/|url-status=live}}</ref> New York Central picked the firm of [[Reed and Stem]] to handle the overall design of the station, and [[Warren and Wetmore]] for the station's [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts]] exterior.<ref name="Langmead p. 171" /><ref name="Schlichting pp. 121-122" /><ref name="Interior6" />

[[File:Grand Central construction.jpg|thumb|alt=A large excavated area beside the station while under construction|Terminal and baggage building construction {{circa|1912}}]]
Construction on Grand Central Terminal started on June 19, 1903.<ref name="NYCL p. 5" /> and proceeded in phases to prevent railroad service from being interrupted.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1908/08/16/archives/constructing-a-great-modern-railway-terminal-one-of-the-most.html|title=Constructing A Great Modern Railway Terminal – One of the Most Puzzling of Modem Engineering Problems Is Involved in the Building, Without Interruption to Traffic, of New York's Grand Central Station|date=August 16, 1908|work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331|access-date=December 13, 2018|archive-date=December 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215233400/https://www.nytimes.com/1908/08/16/archives/constructing-a-great-modern-railway-terminal-one-of-the-most.html|url-status=live}}</ref> About {{convert|3.2|e6yd3|m3}} of the ground were excavated at depths of up to 10 floors, with {{convert|1,000|yd3|m3}} of debris being removed from the site daily. Over 10,000 workers were assigned to the project.<ref name="ASCE Metropolitan Section 1902" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1909/09/12/archives/the-new-terminal-of-the-grand-central.html|title=The New Terminal of the 'Grand Central'|date=September 12, 1909|website=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331|access-date=December 14, 2018|archive-date=December 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215022231/https://www.nytimes.com/1909/09/12/archives/the-new-terminal-of-the-grand-central.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NYCL p. 7" /> The total cost of improvements, including electrification and the development of Park Avenue, was estimated at $180 million in 1910.<ref name="nyt19100626" /> The segments of all three lines running into Grand Central had been electrified by 1907.<ref name="NYCL p. 7" /> The last train left Grand Central Station at midnight on June 5, 1910,<ref name="Schlichting pp. 106-107" /> and the new terminal opened on February 2, 1913.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Railway Age|page=78|title=Grand Central Terminal opens|date=September 2006|issn=0033-8826}}</ref><ref name="nyt19130202-2" />