Editing Human brain (section)

===Modern period===
{{Further |Neuropsychiatry}}
[[File:Golgi 1885 Plate XXII.JPG|thumb|upright|Drawing by [[Camillo Golgi]] of vertical section of rabbit [[hippocampus]], from his "Sulla fina anatomia degli organi centrali del sistema nervoso", 1885]]
[[File:CajalCerebellum.jpg|thumb|Drawing of cells in chick [[cerebellum]] by [[Santiago Ramón y Cajal]], from "Estructura de los centros nerviosos de las aves", Madrid, 1905]]
<!--Neuronal doctrine-->Studies of the brain became more sophisticated with the use of the [[microscope]] and the development of a [[silver stain]]ing [[Golgi method|method]] by [[Camillo Golgi]] during the 1880s. This was able to show the intricate structures of single neurons.<ref name="DECARLOS2007">{{cite journal |last1=De Carlos |first1=Juan A. |last2=Borrell |first2=José |title=A historical reflection of the contributions of Cajal and Golgi to the foundations of neuroscience |journal=Brain Research Reviews |date=August 2007 |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=8–16 |doi=10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.03.010|pmid=17490748 |hdl=10261/62299 |s2cid=7266966 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> This was used by [[Santiago Ramón y Cajal]] and led to the formation of the [[neuron doctrine]], the then revolutionary hypothesis that the neuron is the functional unit of the brain. He used microscopy to uncover many cell types, and proposed functions for the cells he saw.<ref name="DECARLOS2007" /> For this, Golgi and Cajal are considered the founders of [[History of neuroscience|twentieth century neuroscience]], both sharing the [[Nobel prize]] in 1906 for their studies and discoveries in this field.<ref name="DECARLOS2007" />

<!--Neuroscience-->[[Charles Scott Sherrington|Charles Sherrington]] published his influential 1906 work ''The Integrative Action of the Nervous System'' examining the function of reflexes, evolutionary development of the nervous system, functional specialisation of the brain, and layout and cellular function of the central nervous system.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Burke | first1=R.E. | title=Sir Charles Sherrington's The integrative action of the nervous system: a centenary appreciation | journal=Brain | volume=130 | issue= Pt 4| pages=887–894 | doi=10.1093/brain/awm022 | pmid=17438014 | date=April 2007 | df=mdy-all | doi-access=free }}</ref> In 1942 he coined the term ''[[enchanted loom]]'' as a metaphor for the brain. [[John Farquhar Fulton]], founded the ''Journal of Neurophysiology'' and published the first comprehensive textbook on the physiology of the nervous system during 1938.<ref name="SQUIRE1996">{{cite book |editor1-last=Squire |editor1-first=Larry R. |title=The history of neuroscience in autobiography |date=1996 |publisher=Society for Neuroscience |location=Washington DC |isbn=978-0-12-660305-7 |pages=475–97}}</ref> [[History of neuroscience#Twentieth century|Neuroscience during the twentieth century]] began to be recognised as a distinct unified academic discipline, with [[David Rioch]], [[Francis O. Schmitt]], and [[Stephen Kuffler]] playing critical roles in establishing the field.<ref name="COWAN2000">{{Cite journal |last1=Cowan |first1=W.M. |last2=Harter |first2=D.H. |last3=Kandel |first3=E.R. |date=2000 |title=The emergence of modern neuroscience: Some implications for neurology and psychiatry |journal=Annual Review of Neuroscience |volume=23 |pages=345–346 |doi=10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.343 |pmid=10845068}}</ref> Rioch originated the integration of basic anatomical and physiological research with clinical psychiatry at the [[Walter Reed Army Institute of Research]], starting in the 1950s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brady |first1=Joseph V. |last2=Nauta |first2=Walle J. H. |title=Principles, Practices, and Positions in Neuropsychiatric Research: Proceedings of a Conference Held in June 1970 at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C., in Tribute to Dr. David Mckenzie Rioch upon His Retirement as Director of the Neuropsychiatry Division of That Institute |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-1-4831-5453-4 |page=vii |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AK4aAwAAQBAJ&pg=PR7 |date=October 22, 2013 }}</ref> During the same period, Schmitt established the [[Neuroscience Research Program]], an inter-university and international organisation, bringing together biology, medicine, psychological and behavioural sciences. The word neuroscience itself arises from this program.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Adelman |first1=George |title=The Neurosciences Research Program at MIT and the Beginning of the Modern Field of Neuroscience |journal=Journal of the History of the Neurosciences |date=January 15, 2010 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=15–23 |doi=10.1080/09647040902720651|pmid=20391098 |s2cid=21513317 }}</ref>

[[Paul Broca]] associated regions of the brain with specific functions, in particular language in [[Broca's area]], following work on brain-damaged patients.<ref name="Neural Science 2000">Principles of Neural Science, 4th ed. Eric R. Kandel, James H. Schwartz, Thomas M. Jessel, eds. McGraw-Hill:New York, NY. 2000.</ref> [[John Hughlings Jackson]] described the function of the [[motor cortex]] by watching the progression of [[epileptic seizure]]s through the body. [[Carl Wernicke]] described [[Wernicke's area|a region]] associated with language comprehension and production. [[Korbinian Brodmann]] divided regions of the brain based on the appearance of cells.<ref name="Neural Science 2000" /> By 1950, Sherrington, [[James Papez|Papez]], and [[Paul D. MacLean|MacLean]] had identified many of the brainstem and limbic system functions.<ref name="Papez">{{cite journal |last1=Papez |first1=J.W. |title=A proposed mechanism of emotion. 1937. |journal=The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences |date=February 1995 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=103–12 |pmid=7711480 |doi=10.1176/jnp.7.1.103}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lambert |first1=Kelly G. |title=The life and career of Paul MacLean |journal=Physiology & Behavior |date=August 2003 |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=343–349 |doi=10.1016/S0031-9384(03)00147-1|pmid=12954429 |s2cid=18596574 }}</ref> The capacity of the brain to re-organise and change with age, and a recognised critical development period, were attributed to [[neuroplasticity]], pioneered by [[Margaret Kennard]], who experimented on monkeys during the 1930-40s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Anjan |last2=Coslett |first2=H. Branch |title=The Roots of Cognitive Neuroscience: Behavioral Neurology and Neuropsychology |publisher=OUP USA |isbn=978-0-19-539554-9 |pages=337–8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f9dMAgAAQBAJ&q=neuroscience+20th+century&pg=PA338|date=December 2013 }}</ref>

<!--Neurosurgery-->[[Harvey Cushing]] (1869–1939) is recognised as the first proficient [[neurosurgery|brain surgeon]] in the world.<ref name="M.Bliss">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EzbjVnjwjPYC |last=Bliss |first=Michael |title=Harvey Cushing: A Life in Surgery: A Life in Surgery |pages=ix–x |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=USA |date=October 1, 2005|isbn=978-0-19-534695-4 }}</ref> In 1937, [[Walter Dandy]] began the practice of vascular [[neurosurgery]] by performing the first surgical clipping of an [[intracranial aneurysm]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Kretzer | first1=RM | last2=Coon | first2=AL | last3=Tamargo | first3=RJ |author-link2=Alexander L. Coon | date=June 2010 | title=Walter E. Dandy's contributions to vascular neurosurgery | journal=Journal of Neurosurgery | volume=112 | issue=6 | pages=1182–91 | doi=10.3171/2009.7.JNS09737 | pmid=20515365 }}</ref>