Editing ISRO (section)

== Extraterrestrial exploration ==
=== Lunar exploration ===
{{Main|Chandrayaan programme}}
Chandryaan ({{lit|Mooncraft}}) are India's series of lunar exploration spacecraft. The initial mission included an orbiter and controlled impact probe while later missions include landers, rovers and sampling missions.<ref name="Episode 90" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=A mix of young and middle-aged people will train for Gaganyaan |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/current/2020/01/24/a-mix-of-young-and-middle-aged-people-will-train-for-gaganyaan.html |website=The Week |language=en |access-date=20 March 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128073908/https://www.theweek.in/theweek/current/2020/01/24/a-mix-of-young-and-middle-aged-people-will-train-for-gaganyaan.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

;Chandrayaan-1
{{Main|Chandrayaan-1}}
[[File:CY1 2007 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Rendering of Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft]]
Chandrayaan-1 was India's first mission to the Moon. The robotic lunar exploration mission included a lunar orbiter and an impactor called the [[Moon Impact Probe]]. ISRO launched it using a modified version of the PSLV on 22 October 2008 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre. It entered lunar orbit on 8 November 2008, carrying high-resolution remote sensing equipment for visible, near infrared, and soft and hard X-ray frequencies. During its 312-day operational period (two years were planned), it surveyed the lunar surface to produce a complete map of its chemical characteristics and three-dimensional topography. The polar regions were of special interest, as they had possible [[lunar ice|ice]] deposits. Chandrayaan-1 carried 11 instruments: five Indian and six from foreign institutes and space agencies (including [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration|NASA]], [[European Space Agency|ESA]], the [[Bulgarian Academy of Sciences]], [[Brown University]] and other European and North American institutions and companies), which were carried for free. The mission team was awarded the [[American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics]] SPACE 2009 award,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.domain-b.com/aero/aero_general/20090901_chandrayaan1.html |title=domain-b.com : American astronautics society award for Chandrayaan-1 team |date=September 2009 |access-date=12 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923215805/http://www.domain-b.com/aero/aero_general/20090901_chandrayaan1.html |archive-date=23 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> the [[International Lunar Exploration Working Group]]'s International Co-operation award in 2008,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20081201/nation.htm#14 |title=Chandrayaan-1 wins global award |date=30 November 2008 |agency=Tribune News Service |access-date=2 February 2015 |author=Choudhury, Shubhadeep |location=Bangalore |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808030908/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20081201/nation.htm#14 |archive-date=8 August 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[National Space Society]]'s 2009 [[Space Pioneer Awards|Space Pioneer Award]] in the science and engineering category.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nss.org/awards/2009.html |title=NSS awards for 2009 |publisher=National Space Society |access-date=2 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202011649/http://www.nss.org/awards/2009.html |archive-date=2 February 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/news/features/2010/lcross_award.html |title=NASA's Lunar Impact Mission Honored by National Space Society |publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration |date=17 June 2010 |access-date=2 February 2013 |author=Hoover, Rachel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130109115404/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/news/features/2010/lcross_award.html |archive-date=9 January 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

;Chandrayaan-2
{{Main|Chandrayaan-2}}
[[File:Chandrayaan-2 lander and orbiter integrated module.jpg|thumb|''Vikram'' lander mounted on top of the orbiter of Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft|alt=]]
Chandrayaan-2, the second mission to the Moon, which included an orbiter, a lander and a rover. It was launched on a [[LVM3|Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III]] (GSLV Mk III) on 22 July 2019, consisting of a lunar orbiter, the Vikram lander, and the Pragyan lunar rover, all developed in India.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49032603 |title=India launches second Moon mission |date=22 July 2019 |work=British Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=23 July 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822092132/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49032603 |archive-date=22 August 2019 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="gslv3">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-launch-put-off-india-israel-in-lunar-race-for-4th-position/articleshow/65275012.cms |title=Chandrayaan-2 launch put off: India, Israel in lunar race for 4th position |last=Singh |first=Surendra |date=5 August 2018 |work=The Times of India |access-date=15 August 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819060901/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-launch-put-off-india-israel-in-lunar-race-for-4th-position/articleshow/65275012.cms |archive-date=19 August 2018 |agency=Times News Network}}</ref> It was the first mission meant to explore the little-explored [[lunar south pole]] region.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/chandrayaan-2-launch-moon-mission-isro-live-less-than-two-hours-to-go-for-indias-second-date-with-the-moon-2240201.html |title=India Successfully Launches Chandrayaan-2, Aims to Become First to Probe Lunar South Pole |website=News18 |date=23 July 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723131504/https://www.news18.com/news/india/chandrayaan-2-launch-moon-mission-isro-live-less-than-two-hours-to-go-for-indias-second-date-with-the-moon-2240201.html |archive-date=23 July 2019 |access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref> The objective of the Chandrayaan-2 mission was to land a robotic rover to conduct various studies on the lunar surface.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN2 |title=NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details |website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729172632/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN2 |archive-date=29 July 2019 |access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref>

The ''Vikram'' lander, carrying the ''Pragyan'' rover, was scheduled to land on the near side of the Moon, in the south polar region at a latitude of about 70° S at approximately 1:50&nbsp;am(IST) on 7 September 2019. However, the lander deviated from its intended trajectory starting from an altitude of {{cvt|2.1|km}}, and [[telemetry]] was lost seconds before touchdown was expected.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-home |title=Chandrayaan2 Home – ISRO |website=www.isro.gov.in |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729041910/https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-home |archive-date=29 July 2019 |access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref> A review board concluded that the crash-landing was caused by a [[software]] glitch.<ref name="Failure report">[https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2019/11/16/how-did-chandrayaan-2-fail-isro-answer.html How did Chandrayaan 2 fail? ISRO finally has the answer.] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219143203/https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2019/11/16/how-did-chandrayaan-2-fail-isro-answer.html |date=19 February 2021 }} Mahesh Guptan, ''The Week''. 16 November 2019.</ref> The lunar orbiter was efficiently positioned in an optimal lunar orbit, extending its expected service time from one year to seven.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-latest-updates |title=Chandrayaan2 Latest updates – ISRO |website=www.isro.gov.in |access-date=2 December 2019 |archive-date=4 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904002946/https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-latest-updates |url-status=live}}</ref> It was planned that there will be another attempt to soft-land on the Moon in 2023, without an orbiter.<ref name="tie-20220104">{{cite web |last=Dutt |first=Anonna |date=4 January 2022 |title=ISRO targets Gaganyaan launch before Independence day, Chandrayaan 3 by mid-2023 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/isro-targets-gaganyaan-launch-before-august-15-7704957/ |access-date=7 January 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |archive-date=7 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107190732/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/isro-targets-gaganyaan-launch-before-august-15-7704957/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

;Chandrayaan-3
{{Main|Chandrayaan-3}}
[[File:Chandrayaan-3 – Integrated Module.webp|thumb|Integrated Module of Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft|300x300px]]
Chandryaan-3 is India's second attempt to soft-land on the Moon after the partial failure of Chandrayaan-2. The mission only included a lander-rover set and communicated with the orbiter from the previous mission.

On 23 August 2023, ISRO became the first space agency to successfully land a spacecraft near the [[lunar south pole]]. ISRO is the fourth space agency ever to land on the Moon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-23 |title='India, I reached my destination': ISRO confirms Chandrayaan 3's soft-landing on moon |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/current-affairs/chandrayaan-3-soft-landing-on-moon-isro-india-11245841.html |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en |archive-date=29 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829155506/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/current-affairs/chandrayaan-3-soft-landing-on-moon-isro-india-11245841.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Mars exploration ===
{{Main|Indian Mars exploration missions}}
[[File:Tharsis and Valles Marineris - Mars Orbiter Mission (30055660701).png|thumb|[[Tharsis]] and [[Valles Marineris]] as captured by [[Mars Orbiter Mission]].]]
;Mars Orbiter Mission ''(MOM)'' or ''(Mangalyaan-1)''
{{Main|Mars Orbiter Mission}}
[[File:Mars Orbiter Mission Over Mars (15237158879).jpg|thumb|Artist's rendering of the [[Mars Orbiter Mission]] spacecraft, with [[Mars]] in the background]]
The Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), informally known as ''Mangalyaan'' (eng: "MarsCraft") was launched into Earth [[orbit]] on 5 November 2013 by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and has entered Mars orbit on 24 September 2014.<ref name="prelaunch Oct 2013">{{cite news |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/technology/science/india-becomes-first-country-to-enter-mars-orbit-on-their-first-attempt/story-fnjwlbuf-1227068835676?nk=20dfb6bbe7f9267fcf8572967c544066 |title=India becomes first country to enter Mars' orbit on their first attempt |date=24 September 2014 |work=Herald Sun |access-date=24 September 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140924031128/http://www.heraldsun.com.au/technology/science/india-becomes-first-country-to-enter-mars-orbit-on-their-first-attempt/story-fnjwlbuf-1227068835676?nk=20dfb6bbe7f9267fcf8572967c544066 |url-status=live}}</ref> India thus became the first country to have a space probe enter Mars orbit on its first attempt. It was completed at a record low cost of $74&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.btvin.com/videos/watch/8916/india%E2%80%99s-maiden-mars-mission-makes-history |title=India's Maiden Mars Mission Makes History |access-date=24 September 2014 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925093532/http://www.btvin.com/videos/watch/8916/india%E2%80%99s-maiden-mars-mission-makes-history |archive-date=25 September 2014 |publisher=Bloomberg TV India}}</ref>

MOM was placed into Mars orbit on 24 September 2014. The spacecraft had a launch mass of {{cvt|1337|kg|abbr=on}}, with {{cvt|15|kg|abbr=on}} of five scientific instruments as payload.<ref name="MOMIsro">{{cite web |title=Mars Orbiter Spacecraft Successfully Inserted into Mars Orbit |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/24-sep-2014/mars-orbiter-spacecraft-successfully-inserted-mars-orbit |website=ISRO |access-date=22 July 2022 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006135353/http://www.isro.org/pressrelease/contents/PrintConfirmation.aspx?ReleasedDate=September%2024,%202014&Date=Sep24_2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="MOMSpacecraft">{{cite web |title=Mars Orbiter Mission Spacecraft |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/mars-orbiter-mission-spacecraft |website=ISRO |access-date=22 July 2022 |archive-date=5 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205233935/https://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/mars-orbiter-mission-spacecraft |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The National Space Society awarded the Mars Orbiter Mission team the 2015 Space Pioneer Award in the science and engineering category.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.nss.org/?p=4622 |title=Indian Space Research Organisation Mars Orbiter Programme Team Wins National Space Society's Space Pioneer Award for Science and Engineering |author=Brandt-Erichsen, David |date=12 January 2015 |publisher=National Space Society |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202002327/http://blog.nss.org/?p=4622 |archive-date=2 February 2015 |access-date=2 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/isro-mars-orbiter-mission-team-wins-space-pioneer-award-726885 |title=ISRO Mars Orbiter Mission team Wins Space Pioneer Award |date=14 January 2015 |access-date=2 February 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202011731/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/isro-mars-orbiter-mission-team-wins-space-pioneer-award-726885 |archive-date=2 February 2015 |publisher=NDTV |location=Washington, United States}}</ref>

=== Mars and Moon analogue research station ===
{{Main|Ladakh Human Analogue Mission}}
Researchers from the [[Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences]] (BSIP) and [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc) have determined that [[Ladakh]] is the best site for India's first [[Mars]] and [[Moon]] analogue research station. The study project is being conducted by BSIP's Binita Phartiyal, IISc's Aloke Kumar who pioneered the idea of building space-bricks from biologically solidified lunar and martian [[regolith]], and [[Gaganyaan]] astronaut [[Shubhanshu Shukla]]. An analog research station is a location where plans and exercises intended for the Moon and Mars are made. The projected research station would be used for geological and [[astrobiological]] research, human studies, crew training, advancing Technology Readiness Levels (TRL), testing space technologies, and engineering integration.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |date=2024-08-01 |title=Scientists, Gaganyaan astronaut bat for Ladakh as Moon & Mars analogue research site |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/scientists-gaganyaan-astronaut-bat-for-ladakh-as-moon-mars-analogue-research-site/articleshow/112177195.cms |access-date=2024-08-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In Ladakh, Aaka Space Studio and ISRO will be leading a 21-day Mars and Moon analog mission. An important step forward in India's efforts to develop human spaceflight and analog research in support of the Gaganyaan program and future missions like [[Bharatiya Antariksha Station]]. It will replicate the harsh conditions of extraterrestrial environments. The expedition will test human health and endurance in isolation, acquire biometric data, simulate extraterrestrial landscape, investigate circadian lighting, and test life support technologies. The startup has experimented with technology, human endurance, and habitat design in [[Rann of Kutch]] in 2023, simulating lunar conditions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dey |first=Victor |date=2021-10-20 |title=How This Indo-Canada Startup Is Foraying Into "Space Architecture", Prototype To Be Tested In Leh, India |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/tech-ai-blend/how-this-indo-canada-startup-is-foraying-into-space-architecture-prototype-to-be-tested-in-leh-india/ |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=AIM |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Gujarat firm set to replicate conditions on Mars and Moon in Ladakh for India's mega space mission |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/science/ladakh-mars-moon-analog-mission-1.9969783 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

=== Solar probes ===
;Aditya-L1
{{Main|Aditya-L1}}

On 2 September 2023, ISRO launched the {{cvt|400|kg|lb|adj=on}} Aditya-L1 mission to study the [[solar corona]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2019 |title=India's first solar mission in 2020: Isro chairman |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/indias-first-solar-mission-in-2020-isro-chairman/articleshow/69169011.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705100844/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/indias-first-solar-mission-in-2020-isro-chairman/articleshow/69169011.cms |archive-date=5 July 2019 |access-date=8 August 2019 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=13 February 2018 |title=After Mars, India aims for Sun now |page=12 |work=Mail Today |agency=Mail Today |url=http://epaper.mailtoday.in/c/26281749 |url-status=live |access-date=5 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044940/http://epaper.mailtoday.in/c/26281749 |archive-date=6 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=9 June 2011 |title=After the Moon, ISRO eyes the sun |url=http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/news/after-the-moon-isro-eyes-the-sun/201990 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927224137/http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/news/after-the-moon-isro-eyes-the-sun/201990 |archive-date=27 September 2015 |access-date=12 June 2015}}</ref> It is the first Indian space-based solar [[coronagraph]] to study the corona in visible and near-[[infrared]] bands. The main objective of the mission is to study [[coronal mass ejection]]s (CMEs), their properties (the structure and evolution of their magnetic fields for example), and consequently constrain parameters that affect [[space weather]].<ref name="AdityaISRO">{{cite web |title=Aditya – L1 First Indian mission to study the Sun |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/aditya-l1-first-indian-mission-to-study-sun |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210161048/https://www.isro.gov.in/aditya-l1-first-indian-mission-to-study-sun |archive-date=10 December 2019 |access-date=22 July 2022 |website=ISRO}}</ref> On 6 January 2024, [[Aditya-L1]] spacecraft, India's first solar mission, has successfully entered its final orbit around the first Sun-Earth [[Lagrangian point]] (L1), approximately 1.5 million kilometers from [[Earth]].<ref name="isro-20240106">{{Cite press release |date=6 January 2024 |title=Halo-Orbit Insertion of Aditya-L1 Successfully Accomplished |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/halo-orbit-insertion-adtya-l1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118014614/https://www.isro.gov.in/halo-orbit-insertion-adtya-l1.html |archive-date=18 January 2024 |access-date=6 January 2024 |website=www.isro.gov.in |publisher=ISRO }}</ref>