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Multiple sclerosis
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=== Medical discovery === [[File:Carswell-Multiple Sclerosis2.jpg|thumb|Detail of Carswell's drawing of MS lesions in the [[brain stem]] and [[spinal cord]] (1838)]] [[Robert Carswell (pathologist)|Robert Carswell]] (1793β1857), a British professor of [[pathology]], and [[Jean Cruveilhier]] (1791β1873), a French professor of pathologic anatomy, described and illustrated many of the disease's clinical details, but did not identify it as a separate disease.<ref name="pmid3066846">{{cite journal | vauthors = Compston A | title = The 150th anniversary of the first depiction of the lesions of multiple sclerosis | journal = Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry | volume = 51 | issue = 10 | pages = 1249β52 | date = October 1988 | pmid = 3066846 | pmc = 1032909 | doi = 10.1136/jnnp.51.10.1249 }}</ref> Specifically, Carswell described the injuries he found as "a remarkable lesion of the spinal cord accompanied with atrophy".<ref name="pmid1897097722"/> Under the microscope, Swiss pathologist [[Georg Eduard Rindfleisch]] (1836β1908) noted in 1863 that the inflammation-associated lesions were distributed around blood vessels.<ref name="pmid10603616">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lassmann H | title = The pathology of multiple sclerosis and its evolution | journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences | volume = 354 | issue = 1390 | pages = 1635β40 | date = October 1999 | pmid = 10603616 | pmc = 1692680 | doi = 10.1098/rstb.1999.0508 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lassmann H | title = Multiple sclerosis pathology: evolution of pathogenetic concepts | journal = Brain Pathology | volume = 15 | issue = 3 | pages = 217β22 | date = July 2005 | pmid = 16196388 | doi = 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2005.tb00523.x | s2cid = 8342303 | pmc = 8095927 }}</ref> The French [[neurologist]] [[Jean-Martin Charcot]] (1825β1893) was the first person to recognize multiple sclerosis as a distinct disease in 1868.<ref name="pmid3066846" /> Summarizing previous reports and adding his own clinical and pathological observations, Charcot called the disease ''sclerose en plaques''.
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