Editing Animal cognition (section)

===Theory of mind===
{{Main|Theory of mind in animals}}
[[Theory of mind]] is the ability to attribute mental states, e.g. [[intention|intents]], [[desire (emotion)|desires]], [[role-playing|pretending]], [[knowledge]], to oneself and others and to understand that others have desires, intentions, and perspectives that are different from one's own.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Premack |first1=David |last2=Woodruff |first2=Guy | name-list-style = vanc |year=1978 |title=Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? |journal=Behavioral and Brain Sciences |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=515–526 |doi=10.1017/S0140525X00076512|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Some research with [[raven]]s provides an example of evidence for theory of mind in a non-human species. Ravens are members of the family [[Corvidae]], which is widely regarded as having high cognitive abilities. These birds have been observed to hide their food when dominant ravens are visible and audible at the same time. Based on this observation, ravens were tested for their understanding of "seeing" as a mental state.  In a first step, the birds protected their [[Hoarding (animal behavior)|cache]] when dominants were visible but not when they could only be heard from an adjacent room. In the next step, they had access to a small peephole which allowed them to see into the adjacent room.  With the peephole open, the ravens guarded their caches against discovery when they could hear dominants in the adjacent room, even when the dominant's sounds were playbacks of recordings.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bugnyar T, Reber SA, Buckner C | title = Ravens attribute visual access to unseen competitors | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 7 | pages = 10506 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26835849 | pmc = 4740864 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms10506 | bibcode = 2016NatCo...710506B}}</ref>