Editing Attachment theory (section)

==Criticism==
A 2010 study in the ''Journal of Personality'' looked at twins in Italy using the [[ACE model|ACE Model]] and found that their shared environment (including shared aspects of their upbringing) was "completely irrelevant" in explaining their adult attachment styles.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Picardi |first=Angelo |last2=Fagnani |first2=Corrado |last3=Nisticò |first3=Lorenza |last4=Stazi |first4=Maria Antonietta |date=2011 |title=A Twin Study of Attachment Style in Young Adults |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00707.x |journal=Journal of Personality |language=en |volume=79 |issue=5 |pages=965–992 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00707.x |issn=1467-6494}}</ref> Instead, levels of attachment-related anxiety and avoidance in the adult twins were completely explained by their genes and their unshared environment (aspects of the environment that were different for the twins). 

A 2013 study from Utah State suggests an individual can have different attachment styles in relation to different people and that "parents' time away from their child was not a significant predictor of attachment."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Benware |first1=Jared |title=Predictors of F ors of Father-Child and Mother-Child A ather-Child and Mother-Child Attachment in T ttachment in TwoParent Families |url=https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=2731&context=etd |publisher=Utah State University}}</ref> Attachment theory models are heavily focused on attachment to the mother, not other family members and peers, also noted by [[Rosjke Hasseldine]].<ref name="field">{{cite journal | vauthors = Field T | s2cid = 15251864 | title = Attachment and separation in young children | journal = Annual Review of Psychology | volume = 47 | issue = 1 | pages = 541–61 | date = February 1996 | pmid = 8624142 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.psych.47.1.541 }}</ref>  [[Salvador Minuchin]] suggested that attachment theory's focus on the mother-child relation ignores the value in other familial influences: "The entire family—not just the mother or primary caretaker—including father, siblings, grandparents, often cousins, aunts and uncles, are extremely significant in the experience of the child...And yet, when I hear attachment theorists talk, I don't hear anything about these other important figures in a child's life."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wylie |first1=Mary Sykes |title=Do We Still Need Attachment Theory? |date=March 2011 |url=https://www.psychotherapynetworker.org/blog/details/1103/do-we-still-need-attachment-theory |publisher=Psychotherapy Networker}}</ref><br>

A 2016 article from the ''Psychological Bulletin'' suggests that one's attachment could largely be due to [[heredity]]; hence, the authors point to the need to focus research on nonshared environmental effects, requiring "behavioral genetic designs that afford differentiating [[heritability]] from shared and nonshared environmental influences".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Barbaro |first1=Nicole |title=Rethinking the Transmission Gap: What Behavioral Genetics and Evolutionary Psychology Mean for Attachment Theory |url=http://toddkshackelford.com/downloads/Barbaro-et-al-PsychBull.pdf |publisher=Psychological Bulletin}}</ref>  The late [[Jerome Kagan]] was a highly respected psychologist who believed a child's behaviour is largely due to [[temperament]], as well as social class and culture, rather than attachment style.

A 2018 paper proposes that attachment theory represents a Western middle-class perspective, ignoring the diverse caregiving values and practices in most of the world.<ref name="keller">{{cite journal | vauthors = Keller H | title = Universality claim of attachment theory: Children's socioemotional development across cultures | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 115 | issue = 45 | pages = 11414–11419 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 30397121 | pmc = 6233114 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1720325115 | bibcode = 2018PNAS..11511414K | doi-access = free }}</ref>