Editing Computer mouse (section)

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="OED">Oxford English Dictionary, "mouse", sense 13</ref>
<ref name="Bardini_2000">{{cite book |author-last=Bardini |author-first=Thierry |title=Bootstrapping: Douglas Engelbart, Coevolution, and the Origins of Personal Computing |date=2000 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |location=Stanford |isbn=978-0-8047-3871-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bootstrapping00thie/page/98 98] |url=https://archive.org/details/bootstrapping00thie |url-access=registration}}</ref>
<ref name="English_1965">{{cite book |author-last1=English |author-first1=William Kirk |author-link1=William Kirk English |author-last2=Engelbart |author-first2=Douglas C. |author-link2=Douglas Carl Engelbart |author-last3=Huddart |author-first3=Bonnie |title=Computer-Aided Display Control |date=July 1965 |publisher=[[Stanford Research Institute]] |location=Menlo Park |page=[https://archive.org/details/nasa_techdoc_19660020914/page/n59 6] |url=https://archive.org/details/nasa_techdoc_19660020914 |access-date=2017-01-03 |format=Final Report}}</ref>
<ref name="Bardini_2000_2">{{cite book |author-last=Bardini |author-first=Thierry |title=Bootstrapping: Douglas Engelbart, Coevolution, and the Origins of Personal Computing |date=2000 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |location=Stanford |isbn=978-0-8047-3871-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bootstrapping00thie/page/95 95] |url=https://archive.org/details/bootstrapping00thie |url-access=registration}}</ref>
<ref name="Ceruzzi_2012">{{cite book |author-last=Ceruzzi |author-first=Paul E. |title=Computing: A Concise History |date=2012 |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |location=Cambridge, MA |isbn=978-0-262-31039-0 |page=121 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1pJZ_GsO8_sC&pg=PA121}}</ref>
<ref name="Rheingold_2000">{{cite book |author-last=Rheingold |author-first=Howard |title=The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier |date=2000 |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |location=Cambridge, MA |isbn=978-0-262-26110-4 |page=64 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fr8bdUDisqAC&q=engelbart%20mouse&pg=PA64}}</ref>
<ref name="Lyon_1998">{{cite book |author-last1=Lyon |author-first1=Matthew |author-last2=Hafner |author-first2=Katie |title=Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet |date=1998 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |isbn=978-0-684-87216-2 |page=78 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RLKxSvCBQZcC&pg=PA78}}</ref>
<ref name="Markoff_2005">{{cite book |title=What the Dormouse Said: How the Sixties Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry |chapter=2. Augmentation |author-first=John Gregory|author-last=Markoff |author-link=John Gregory Markoff |date=2005 |orig-date=2004-06-11 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] / [[Penguin Random House LLC]] |isbn=978-1-101-20108-4 |pages=123–124 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cTyfxP-g2IIC&pg=PT123 |access-date=2021-08-26 |quote-pages=123–124 |quote=[…] Although it is commonly believed that the story of how the mouse got its name has been lost in history, Roger Bates, who was a young hardware designer working for [[Bill English (computer engineer)|Bill English]], has a clear recollection of how the name was chosen. […] He remembers that what today is called the cursor on the screen was at the time called a "CAT". Bates has forgotten what CAT stood for, and no one else seems to remember either, but in hindseight, it seems obvious that a CAT would chase the tailed mouse on the desktop. […]}} (336 pages)</ref>
<ref name="Markoff_2013">{{cite web |title=Douglas C. Engelbart, 1925–2013: Computer Visionary Who Invented the Mouse |author-first=John Gregory |author-last=Markoff |author-link=John Gregory Markoff |date=2013-07-03 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/04/technology/douglas-c-engelbart-inventor-of-the-computer-mouse-dies-at-88.html |access-date=2021-08-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615064745/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/04/technology/douglas-c-engelbart-inventor-of-the-computer-mouse-dies-at-88.html |archive-date=2021-06-15 |quote=[…] When and under what circumstances the term "the mouse" arose is hard to pin down, but one hardware designer, Roger Bates, has contended that it happened under [[Bill English (computer engineer)|Mr. English]]'s watch. Mr. Bates was a college sophomore and Mr. English was his mentor at the time. Mr. Bates said the name was a logical extension of the term then used for the cursor on a screen: CAT. Mr. Bates did not remember what CAT stood for, but it seemed to all that the cursor was chasing their tailed desktop device. […]}}</ref>
<ref name="Neubauer_1968">{{cite periodical |title=Sichtgeräte in elektronischen Datenverarbeitungsanlagen |language=de |author-first=Günter |author-last=Neubauer |publisher=[[AEG-Telefunken]] |id=DK 621.385.832: 681.325 |location=Berlin, Germany |volume=1 |number=2 |date=1968-10-02 |periodical=Technische Mitteilungen: Beiheft Datenverarbeitung |pages=15–18 |url=http://www.e-basteln.de/file/rollkugel/AEG%20Telefunken%20Technische%20Mitteilungen%201968.pdf |access-date=2021-08-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121044022/http://e-basteln.de/file/rollkugel/AEG%20Telefunken%20Technische%20Mitteilungen%201968.pdf |archive-date=2021-01-21}} (1+4 pages)</ref>
<ref name="Telefunken_1966">{{cite book |title=Telefunken TR440 |language=de |chapter=Technische Angaben |publisher=[[Telefunken Aktiengesellschaft]], Fachbereich Anlagen Informationstechnik |publication-place=Ulm, Germany |edition= |id=AH 5.2 WB 160/1 |date=May 1966 |pages=19–20 [20] |url=ftp://computermuseum.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/telefunken/tr440/doku/TR440_Mai1966.pdf |access-date=2021-08-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928193401/ftp://computermuseum.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/telefunken/tr440/doku/TR440_Mai1966.pdf |archive-date=2021-09-28 |quote-page=20 |quote=Peripheriegeräte […] Bildschirmarbeitsplatz […] Steuermöglichkeiten […] Eingabetastatur, Funktionstastatur, Rollkugelsteuerung […]}} (22 pages)</ref>
<ref name="Telefunken_1971">{{cite book |title=Datenverarbeitung: Informationsblatt – TR 440 Arbeitsplatz – Sichtgerät SIG&nbsp;100, Tastatur – Fernschreiber FSR&nbsp;105 – Fernschreibmultiplexer FMP&nbsp;301 |language=de |publisher=[[AEG-Telefunken]], Fachbereich Informationstechnik |location=Konstanz, Germany |edition=0671 |id=MPN N31,A2.10 |date=June 1971 |pages=1–4 |url=ftp://computermuseum.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/telefunken/tr440/doku/SIG100_Jun1971.pdf |access-date=2021-08-24 |quote-page=2 |quote=[…] Sichtgerät SIG 100 […] Als Zusatzeinrichtung des Datensichtgerätes kann eine Rollkugelsteuerung geliefert werden. Für deren Inbetriebnahme ist jedoch der Besitz einer Tastatur-Sendeelektronik Voraussetzung. Die Rollkugelsteuerung erlaubt es, eine elektronisch eingeblendete Marke "von Hand" an jede beliebige Stelle des Bildschirms zu schieben. Mit ihrer Hilfe ist es möglich, an der gekennzeichneten Stelle eine neue Rechnerinformation sichtbar zu machen oder aber eine bereits vorhandene Information zu ändern, zu löschen oder zu erweitern. […]}} (4 pages)</ref>
<ref name="Telefunken_1972">{{cite book |title=Benutzerstation: Sichtgeräte SIG&nbsp;100, SIG&nbsp;50 – Fernschreiber FSR&nbsp;105 – Datenstation DAS&nbsp;3200 |language=de |series=System TR&nbsp;440 |publisher=[[Telefunken Computer GmbH]] |location=Konstanz, Germany |edition=0372 |id=MPN N31.A2.10 |date=March 1972 |pages=1–2 |url=ftp://computermuseum.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/telefunken/tr440/doku/SIG100_SIG50_Mar1972.pdf |access-date=2020-07-13 |quote=[…] Sichtgerät SIG 100 […] Beim Sichtgerät lassen sich die Daten leicht über die Tastatur und Positionen über die Rollkugel eingeben. […] Rollkugel […] Als Zusatzeinrichtung des SIG 100 kann eine Rollkugelsteuerung geliefert werden, die es erlaubt, eine elektronisch eingeblendete Marke von Hand an jede beliebige Stelle des Bildschirms zu schieben. […]}} (6 pages)</ref>
<ref name="Bülow_2009_Rollkugel">{{cite web |author-first=Ralf |author-last=Bulow |title=Auf den Spuren der deutschen Computermaus |trans-title=In the footsteps of the German computer mouse |language=de |work=[[Heise online]] |publisher=[[Heise Verlag]] |date=2009-04-28 |url=https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Auf-den-Spuren-der-deutschen-Computermaus-216255.html |access-date=2013-01-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823232003/https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Auf-den-Spuren-der-deutschen-Computermaus-216255.html |archive-date=2021-08-23}}</ref>
<ref name="Mueller_2018">{{cite web |title=The first rolling-ball mouse |author-first=Jürgen |author-last=Müller |location=Hamburg, Germany |work=e-basteln – Solving yesterday's problems today |date=2021 |orig-date=2018 |url=http://www.e-basteln.de/computing/rollkugel/rollkugel/ |access-date=2021-08-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823162131/http://www.e-basteln.de/computing/rollkugel/rollkugel/ |archive-date=2021-08-23 |quote=[…] The encoders are made by MCB in France, „codeur à contacts“ type CC27E08. […] The encoders produce a 4-bit [[Gray code]] (only a single bit will change between adjacent states) with 14 states. Also, each individual output maintains its value for at least two successive states; that allows for a somewhat slower time constant on de-bouncing the contacts. […] This sequence is repeated 5 times for a full revolution of the encoder. Since the rubber O-ring on the encoder wheel has a diameter of {{cvt|13|mm|disp=sqbr}}, that makes for a resolution of 5*14 counts&nbsp;/ (π*13&nbsp;mm)&nbsp;= 1.7 counts/mm&nbsp;= 43.5 counts/inch. […] <!-- It was clear from earlier tests that the electro-mechanical contacts inside the encoders were quite worn and produced a lot of drop-outs; decent filtering and plausibility checks for the codes would be needed. […] microcontroller software looks for valid phase transitions which follow the expected Gray code pattern, and suppresses invalid states even if they last longer than 1&nbsp;ms […] -->}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20210823201846/http://www.e-basteln.de/file/rollkugel/rks_encoder.c] (NB. See also: [[#NB-Encoder|Encoder remarks]].)</ref>
<ref name="CHM_SIG-100">{{cite web |title=SIG-100 video terminal and mouse |id=[[AEG (German company)|AEG]] 969.68 |date=2011 |orig-date=1968 |publisher=[[Computer History Museum]] |location=Mountain View, California, US |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/input-output/14/346/1874 |access-date=2021-08-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821100518/https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/input-output/14/346/1874 |archive-date=2021-08-21}}</ref>
<ref name="CHM_RKS-100">{{cite web |title=RKS 100-86 mouse ("Rollkugel") |id=Item ID 102667911 |date=2011 |orig-date=1968 |publisher=[[Computer History Museum]] |location=Mountain View, California, US |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/input-output/14/350/1794 |access-date=2021-08-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823222645/https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/input-output/14/350/1794 |archive-date=2021-08-23}}</ref>
<ref name="HNF_2019_Presentation">{{cite web |title=Von Rollkugeln und Mäusen – Präsentation zur Computermaus im HNF |language=de |type=Press announcement |date=2019-05-14 |publisher=[[Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum]] |location=Paderborn, Germany |url=https://www.hnf.de/das-hnf/presse/pressemitteilungen/ansicht/artikel/von-rollkugeln-und-maeusen.html |access-date=2021-08-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823222755/https://www.hnf.de/das-hnf/presse/pressemitteilungen/ansicht/artikel/von-rollkugeln-und-maeusen.html |archive-date=2021-08-23}}</ref>
<ref name="HNF_2016_Blog">{{cite web |title=Wenn die Maus zweimal klingelt |language=de |date=2016-10-04 |work=HNF-Blog – Neues von gestern aus der Computergeschichte |publisher=[[Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum]] |location=Paderborn, Germany |url=https://blog.hnf.de/wenn-die-maus-zweimal-klingelt/ |access-date=2021-08-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225111239/https://blog.hnf.de/wenn-die-maus-zweimal-klingelt/ |archive-date=2021-02-25}}</ref>
<ref name="Holland_2019">{{cite web |title="Rollkugel": Erfinder gibt allererste PC-Maus nach Paderborn – Weltweit gibt es nur noch vier Exemplare: Der Erfinder der allerersten Computermaus hat eines der seltenen Geräte nach Nordrhein-Westfalen verschenkt. |language=de |date=2019-05-14 |author-first=Martin |author-last=Holland |work=[[Heise online]] |publisher=[[Heise Verlag]] |url=https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Rollkugel-Erfinder-gibt-allerste-PC-Maus-nach-Paderborn-4421963.html |access-date=2021-08-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108000058/https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Rollkugel-Erfinder-gibt-allerste-PC-Maus-nach-Paderborn-4421963.html |archive-date=2020-11-08 |quote=[…] Mallebrein hatte die Maus für Telefunken entwickelt, das Unternehmen verkaufte sie ab 1968 zusammen mit seinem damaligen Spitzencomputer {{ill|Telefunken TR 440{{!}}TR 440|de|TR 440}}. Allerdings nur 46 Mal, vor allem an Universitäten, der Rechner war mit bis zu 20 Millionen Mark praktisch unerschwinglich teuer, sagt Mallebrein. […] Seine Maus – für 1500 Mark zu haben – geriet in Vergessenheit. Ein Patent gab es auch nicht. "Wegen zu geringer Erfindungshöhe", stand damals im Schreiben des Patentamts, erinnert sich der Senior. "Über Anwendungsmöglichkeiten war damals gar nicht gesprochen worden, nämlich dass die Maus Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion fahren kann." […]}} [https://heise.de/-4421963]<!-- This article erroneously talks about only 4 surviving devices in total, another article mentions a few more: 1 or 4 at Leibniz Supercomputing Centre (Garching/Munich), 1 or 2 at Museum of University Stuttgart, 1 (from RWTH Aachen) at the Computer History Museum in the USA, 1 at Jürgen Müller (Hamburg), 1 at Hamburg University, and possibly 1 owned by someone called "harper". --></ref>
<ref name="Ebner_2018">{{cite news |title=Entwickler aus Singen über die Anfänge der Computermaus: "Wir waren der Zeit voraus" |language=de |trans-title=Singen-based developer about the advent of the computer mouse: "We were ahead of time" |author-first=Susanne |author-last=Ebner |department=Leben und Wissen |date=2018-01-24 |newspaper=[[Südkurier]] |publisher=[[Südkurier GmbH]] |publication-place=Konstanz, Germany |oclc=1184800329 |id={{ZDB|1411183-4}} {{DNB-IDN|019058799}} |url=https://www.suedkurier.de/ueberregional/wissenschaft/Entwickler-aus-Singen-ueber-die-Anfaenge-der-Computermaus-Wir-waren-der-Zeit-voraus;art1350069,9590558 |access-date=2021-08-22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302234231/https://www.suedkurier.de/ueberregional/wissenschaft/Entwickler-aus-Singen-ueber-die-Anfaenge-der-Computermaus-Wir-waren-der-Zeit-voraus;art1350069,9590558 |archive-date=2021-03-02}}</ref>
<ref name="OldMouse_Telefunken">{{cite web |title=Telefunken's "Rollkugel" |publisher=oldmouse.com |location=Missoula, Montana, US |date=2009 |url=http://www.oldmouse.com/mouse/misc/telefunken.shtml |access-date=2021-08-23 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822024815/http://www.oldmouse.com/mouse/misc/telefunken.shtml |archive-date=2021-08-22}}</ref>
<ref name="Steinbach_2018">{{cite interview |title=Oral History of Rainer Mallebrein |language=de, en |author-first=Rainer |author-last=Mallebrein |author-link=:de:Rainer Mallebrein |interviewer-first=Günter |interviewer-last=Steinbach |id=CHM Ref: X8517.2018 |location=Singen am Hohentwiel, Germany / Mountain View, California, US |date=2018-02-18 |publisher=[[Computer History Museum]] |url=http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2018/05/102738746-05-01-acc.pdf |access-date=2021-08-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127162137/https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2018/05/102738746-05-01-acc.pdf |archive-date=2021-01-27}} (18 pages) (NB. See also: [[#NB-Encoder|Encoder remarks]].)</ref>
<ref name="Vaihingen_2016">{{cite web |title=50 Jahre Computer mit der Maus – Öffentliche Veranstaltung am 5. Dezember auf dem Campus Vaihingen |language=de |date=2016-11-28 |type=Invitation to a plenum discussion |publisher=Informatik-Forum Stuttgart (infos e.V.), GI- / ACM-Regionalgruppe Stuttgart / Böblingen, Institut für Visualisierung und Interaktive Systeme der Universität Stuttgart and SFB-TRR 161 |location=Stuttgart, Germany |url=https://www.visus.uni-stuttgart.de/presse-und-medien/news/detailansicht/article/50-jahre-computer-mit-der-maus.html |access-date=2017-11-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115204824/https://www.visus.uni-stuttgart.de/presse-und-medien/news/detailansicht/article/50-jahre-computer-mit-der-maus.html |archive-date=2017-11-15}}</ref>
<ref name="Borchers_2016">{{cite web |title=50 Jahre Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion: Finger oder Kugel? |language=de |date=2016-12-10 |author-first=Detlef Henning |author-last=Borchers |author-link=:de:Detlef Henning Borchers |work=[[Heise online]] |publisher=[[Heise Verlag]] |url=https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/50-Jahre-Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion-Finger-oder-Kugel-3567899.html |access-date=2017-11-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115234257/https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/50-Jahre-Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion-Finger-oder-Kugel-3567899.html |archive-date=2017-11-15}}</ref>
<ref name="Yacoub-Turfa-Maurer_2016">{{cite book |title=Reverse Engineering of the Computer Mouse RKS 100 |chapter=2.1 Measurements and Properties |author-first1=Mousa |author-last1=Yacoub |author-first2=Majd |author-last2=Turfa |author-first3=Fabian |author-last3=Maurer |date=2016-08-19 |pages=2–3, 5 |url=https://www.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/studium/interessierte/bsc-studiengaenge/informatik/projekt-inf/2016-08-19/Projekt-INF-YacoubTurfaMaurer.pdf |access-date=2017-11-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115205037/https://www.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/studium/interessierte/bsc-studiengaenge/informatik/projekt-inf/2016-08-19/Projekt-INF-YacoubTurfaMaurer.pdf |archive-date=2017-11-15 |quote-page=2 |quote=[…] The Encoders made by MCB transmit rotation through a 4-bit [[Gray code]] alternating between 14 possible configurations while only changing one bit each […] The commitment to a Gray code with only 14 possible configurations instead of one with 16 configurations may be caused by limitations on the part of the encoders. Within a full rotation, the encoders cycle through the Gray code for four times, resulting in 56 signals per turn. To rotate the encoders by 90° (14 signals), the RKS needs to be moved by around {{cvt|10|mm|disp=sqbr}}. While modern encoders use a 2-bit (i.e. 4 configurations) Gray code, the advantage of this 4-bit encoder lies in the detection of missed bit changes. If up to 6 bit changes would pass undetected, it would still be possible to find out the direction the encoder rotated in and then interpolate the movement of the mouse cursor. The Encoders work completely passive and simply connect or disconnect the four data cables from an input cable that can be connected to either ground or a power supply. The button of the RKS works in a similar way using one cable for input and one for output and connecting those while pressed. […] In total, 12 cables are used to connect the RKS to the {{ill|Telefunken TR 440{{!}}TR-440|de|TR 440}} – four data cables for each encoder, one input cable for both encoders, one ground for the upper metal plate, one input for the button and one output for the button. […]}} (NB. Contains some historical photos. See also: [[#NB-Encoder|Encoder remarks]].)</ref>
<ref name="Lyon_1981">{{cite book |title=The Optical Mouse, and an Architectural Methodology for Smart Digital Sensors |author-first=Richard Francis |author-last=Lyon |author-link=Richard Francis Lyon |date=August 1981 |id=VLSI-81-1 |location=Palo Alto, California, US |publisher=[[Palo Alto Research Center]] (PARC), [[Xerox Corporation]] |url=http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/xerox/parc/techReports/VLSI-81-1_The_Optical_Mouse.pdf |access-date=2021-08-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415081353/http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/xerox/parc/techReports/VLSI-81-1_The_Optical_Mouse.pdf |archive-date=2021-04-15 |no-pp=yes |quote-page=Front-facing side of <!-- double-page -->10 |quote=The counters needed for X and Y simply count through four states, in either direction (up or down), changing only one bit at a time (i.e. 00, 01, 11, 10). This is a simple case of either a [[Gray-code counter]] or a [[Johnson counter]] ([[Moebius counter]]).}} (1+3+2*11+2+2*1+2+2*4+1 pages)</ref>
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