Editing History of the Internet (section)

==Net neutrality==
{{Main|Net neutrality}}
{{Globalize |section |date=April 2015 }}

On April 23, 2014, the [[Federal Communications Commission]] (FCC) was reported to be considering a new rule that would permit [[Internet service provider]]s to offer content providers a faster track to send content, thus reversing their earlier [[net neutrality]] position.<ref name="NYT-20140423">{{cite news |last=Wyatt |first=Edward |title=F.C.C., in 'Net Neutrality' Turnaround, Plans to Allow Fast Lane |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/24/technology/fcc-new-net-neutrality-rules.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/24/technology/fcc-new-net-neutrality-rules.html |archive-date=2022-01-02 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |date=April 23, 2014 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=2014-04-23 }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20140424a">{{cite news |author=Staff |title=Creating a Two-Speed Internet |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/25/opinion/creating-a-two-speed-internet.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/25/opinion/creating-a-two-speed-internet.html |archive-date=2022-01-02 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |date=April 24, 2014 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=2014-04-25}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20140511">{{cite news |last=Carr |first=David |title=Warnings Along F.C.C.'s Fast Lane |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/12/business/media/warnings-along-fccs-fast-lane.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/12/business/media/warnings-along-fccs-fast-lane.html |archive-date=2022-01-02 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |date=May 11, 2014 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=2014-05-11}}{{cbignore}}</ref> A possible solution to net neutrality concerns may be [[municipal broadband]], according to [[Susan P. Crawford|Professor Susan Crawford]], a legal and technology expert at [[Harvard Law School]].<ref name="NYT-20140428">{{cite news |last=Crawford |first=Susan |author-link=Susan P. Crawford |title=The Wire Next Time |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/28/opinion/the-wire-next-time.html |date=April 28, 2014 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=2014-04-28 }}</ref> On May 15, 2014, the FCC decided to consider two options regarding Internet services: first, permit fast and slow broadband lanes, thereby compromising net neutrality; and second, reclassify broadband as a telecommunication service, thereby preserving net neutrality.<ref name="NYT-20140515a">{{cite news |author=Staff |title=Searching for Fairness on the Internet |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/16/opinion/searching-for-fairness-on-the-internet.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/16/opinion/searching-for-fairness-on-the-internet.html |archive-date=2022-01-02 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |date=May 15, 2014 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=2014-05-15 }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20140515b">{{cite news |last=Wyatt |first=Edward |title=F.C.C. Backs Opening Net Rules for Debate |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/16/technology/fcc-road-map-to-net-neutrality.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/16/technology/fcc-road-map-to-net-neutrality.html |archive-date=2022-01-02 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |date=May 15, 2014 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=2014-05-15}}{{cbignore}}</ref> On November 10, 2014, [[Barack Obama|President Obama]] recommended the FCC reclassify broadband Internet service as a telecommunications service in order to preserve [[net neutrality]].<ref name="NYT-20141110-EW">{{cite news |last=Wyatt |first=Edward |title=Obama Asks F.C.C. to Adopt Tough Net Neutrality Rules |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/11/technology/obama-net-neutrality-fcc.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/11/technology/obama-net-neutrality-fcc.html |archive-date=2022-01-02 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |date=November 10, 2014 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=November 15, 2014 }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20141114">{{cite news |author=NYT Editorial Board |title=Why the F.C.C. Should Heed President Obama on Internet Regulation |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/15/opinion/why-the-fcc-should-heed-president-obama-on-internet-regulations.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/15/opinion/why-the-fcc-should-heed-president-obama-on-internet-regulations.html |archive-date=2022-01-02 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |date=November 14, 2014 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=November 15, 2014 }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="WRD-20150121-DAS">{{cite journal |last=Sepulveda |first=Ambassador Daniel A. |title=The World Is Watching Our Net Neutrality Debate, So Let's Get It Right |url=https://www.wired.com/2015/01/on-net-nuetrality-internet-freedom/ |date=January 21, 2015 |journal=[[Wired (website)|Wired]] |access-date=January 20, 2015 }}</ref> On January 16, 2015, [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] presented legislation, in the form of a [[U.S. Congress]] [[United States House of Representatives|HR]] [[List of bills in the 114th United States Congress|discussion draft bill]], that makes concessions to net neutrality but prohibits the FCC from accomplishing the goal or enacting any further regulation affecting [[Internet service provider]]s (ISPs).<ref name="NYT-20150120-JW">{{cite news |last=Weisman |first=Jonathan |title=Shifting Politics of Net Neutrality Debate Ahead of F.C.C. Vote |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/20/technology/shifting-politics-of-net-neutrality-debate-ahead-of-fcc-vote.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/20/technology/shifting-politics-of-net-neutrality-debate-ahead-of-fcc-vote.html |archive-date=2022-01-02 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |date=January 19, 2015 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=January 20, 2015 }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="HG-20150116">{{cite web |author=Staff |title=H. R. _ 114th Congress, 1st Session [Discussion Draft] – To amend the Communications Act of 1934 to ensure Internet openness... |url=http://energycommerce.house.gov/sites/republicans.energycommerce.house.gov/files/114/BILLS-114hr-PIH-OpenInternet.pdf |date=January 16, 2015 |work=[[U. S. Congress]] |access-date=January 20, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120175809/http://energycommerce.house.gov/sites/republicans.energycommerce.house.gov/files/114/BILLS-114hr-PIH-OpenInternet.pdf |archive-date=January 20, 2015  }}</ref> On January 31, 2015, [[AP News]] reported that the FCC will present the notion of applying ("with some caveats") [[Common carrier#Telecommunications|Title II (common carrier)]] of the [[Communications Act of 1934]] to the internet in a vote expected on February 26, 2015.<ref name="NYT-20150202a">{{cite news |last=Lohr |first=Steve |title=In Net Neutrality Push, F.C.C. Is Expected to Propose Regulating Internet Service as a Utility |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/03/technology/in-net-neutrality-push-fcc-is-expected-to-propose-regulating-the-internet-as-a-utility.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/03/technology/in-net-neutrality-push-fcc-is-expected-to-propose-regulating-the-internet-as-a-utility.html |archive-date=2022-01-02 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |date=February 2, 2015 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=February 2, 2015 }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20150202b">{{cite news |last=Lohr |first=Steve |title=F.C.C. Chief Wants to Override State Laws Curbing Community Net Services |url=http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/02/02/f-c-c-chief-wants-to-override-state-laws-curbing-community-net-services/ |date=February 2, 2015 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=February 2, 2015 }}</ref><ref name="AP-20150131">{{cite news |last=Flaherty |first=Anne |title=Just whose Internet is it? New federal rules may answer that |url=http://apnews.excite.com/article/20150131/us--net_neutrality-news_guide-c235cbd2b9.html |date=January 31, 2015 |agency=Associated Press |access-date=January 31, 2015 }}</ref><ref name="WP-20150102">{{cite news |last=Fung |first=Brian |title=Get ready: The FCC says it will vote on net neutrality in February |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2015/01/02/get-ready-the-fcc-says-itll-vote-on-net-neutrality-in-february/ |date=January 2, 2015 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=January 2, 2015 }}</ref><ref name="AP-20150102">{{cite news |author=Staff |title=FCC to vote next month on net neutrality rules |url=http://apnews.excite.com/article/20150103/us-fcc-net-neutrality-d8f89ffc53.html |date=January 2, 2015 |agency=Associated Press |access-date=January 2, 2015 }}</ref> Adoption of this notion would reclassify internet service from one of information to one of [[Telecommunications service provider|telecommunications]]<ref name="NYT-20150204">{{cite news |last=Lohr |first=Steve |title=F.C.C. Plans Strong Hand to Regulate the Internet |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/05/technology/fcc-wheeler-net-neutrality.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/05/technology/fcc-wheeler-net-neutrality.html |archive-date=2022-01-02 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |date=February 4, 2015 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=February 5, 2015 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> and, according to [[Tom Wheeler]], chairman of the FCC, ensure [[net neutrality]].<ref name="WRD-20150204">{{cite magazine |last=Wheeler |first=Tom |author-link=Tom Wheeler |title=FCC Chairman Tom Wheeler: This Is How We Will Ensure Net Neutrality |url=https://www.wired.com/2015/02/fcc-chairman-wheeler-net-neutrality |date=February 4, 2015 |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |access-date=February 5, 2015 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20150206">{{cite news |author=The Editorial Board |title=Courage and Good Sense at the F.C.C. – Net Neutrality's Wise New Rules |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/06/opinion/net-neutralitys-wise-new-rules.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/06/opinion/net-neutralitys-wise-new-rules.html |archive-date=2022-01-02 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |date=February 6, 2015 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=February 6, 2015 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> The FCC is expected to enforce net neutrality in its vote, according to ''[[The New York Times]]''.<ref name="NYT-20150224">{{cite news |last=Weisman |first=Jonathan |title=As Republicans Concede, F.C.C. Is Expected to Enforce Net Neutrality |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/25/technology/path-clears-for-net-neutrality-ahead-of-fcc-vote.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/25/technology/path-clears-for-net-neutrality-ahead-of-fcc-vote.html |archive-date=2022-01-02 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |date=February 24, 2015 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=February 24, 2015 }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20150225">{{cite news |last=Lohr |first=Steve |title=The Push for Net Neutrality Arose From Lack of Choice |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/26/technology/limited-high-speed-internet-choices-underlie-net-neutrality-rules.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/26/technology/limited-high-speed-internet-choices-underlie-net-neutrality-rules.html |archive-date=2022-01-02 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |date=February 25, 2015 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=February 25, 2015 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>

On February 26, 2015, the FCC ruled in favor of [[net neutrality]] by applying [[Common carrier#Telecommunications|Title II (common carrier)]] of the [[Communications Act of 1934]] and [[Telecommunications policy of the United States#Broadband deployment policy objectives|Section 706]] of the [[Communications Act of 1934#Telecommunications Act of 1996|Telecommunications act of 1996]] to the Internet.<ref name="FCC-20150226">{{cite news |author=Staff |title=FCC Adopts Strong, Sustainable Rules To Protect The Open Internet  |url=http://transition.fcc.gov/Daily_Releases/Daily_Business/2015/db0226/DOC-332260A1.pdf |date=February 26, 2015 |work=[[Federal Communications Commission]] |access-date=February 26, 2015 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20150226">{{cite news |last1=Ruiz |first1=Rebecca R. |last2=Lohr |first2=Steve |title=In Net Neutrality Victory, F.C.C. Classifies Broadband Internet Service as a Public Utility |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/27/technology/net-neutrality-fcc-vote-internet-utility.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/27/technology/net-neutrality-fcc-vote-internet-utility.html |archive-date=2022-01-02 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |date=February 26, 2015 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=February 26, 2015 }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="AP-20150225">{{cite news |last=Flaherty |first=Anne |title=FACT CHECK: Talking heads skew 'net neutrality' debate |url=http://apnews.excite.com/article/20150225/us--net_neutrality-fact_check-e30cfb560f.html |date=February 25, 2015 |agency=Associated Press |access-date=February 26, 2015 }}</ref> The FCC chairman, [[Tom Wheeler]], commented, "This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]] is a plan to regulate free speech. They both stand for the same concept."<ref name="HP-20150226">{{cite news |last=Liebelson |first=Dana |title=Net Neutrality Prevails in Historic FCC Vote |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/02/26/net-neutrality-fcc-vote_n_6761702.html |date=February 26, 2015 |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |access-date=February 27, 2015 }}</ref>

On March 12, 2015, the FCC released the specific details of the net neutrality rules.<ref name="NYT-20150312a">{{cite news |last=Ruiz |first=Rebecca R. |title=F.C.C. Sets Net Neutrality Rules |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/13/technology/fcc-releases-net-neutrality-rules.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/13/technology/fcc-releases-net-neutrality-rules.html |archive-date=2022-01-02 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |date=March 12, 2015 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=March 13, 2015 }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20150312b">{{cite news |last=Sommer |first=Jeff |title=What the Net Neutrality Rules Say |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/03/12/technology/net-neutrality-rules-explained.html |date=March 12, 2015 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=March 13, 2015 }}</ref><ref name="FCC-20150315">{{cite web |author=FCC Staff |title=Federal Communications Commission – FCC 15–24 – In the Matter of Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet – GN Docket No. 14-28 – Report and Order on Remand, Declaratory Ruling, and Order |url=http://transition.fcc.gov/Daily_Releases/Daily_Business/2015/db0312/FCC-15-24A1.pdf |date=March 12, 2015 |work=[[Federal Communications Commission]] |access-date=March 13, 2015 }}</ref> On April 13, 2015, the FCC published the final rule on its new "[[Net neutrality in the United States|Net Neutrality]]" regulations.<ref name="CNET-20150413">{{cite web |last=Reisinger |first=Don |title=Net neutrality rules get published – let the lawsuits begin |url=http://www.cnet.com/news/fccs-net-neutrality-rules-hit-federal-register-lawsuit-underway/ |date=April 13, 2015 |work=[[CNET]] |access-date=April 13, 2015 }}</ref><ref name="FR-20150413">{{cite web |author=Federal Communications Commission |title=Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet – A Rule by the Federal Communications Commission on 04/13/2015 |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2015/04/13/2015-07841/protecting-and-promoting-the-open-internet |date=April 13, 2015 |work=[[Federal Register]] |access-date=April 13, 2015 |author-link=Federal Communications Commission }}</ref>

On December 14, 2017, the FCC repealed their March 12, 2015 decision by a 3–2 vote regarding net neutrality rules.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/14/technology/net-neutrality-repeal-vote.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/14/technology/net-neutrality-repeal-vote.html |archive-date=2022-01-02 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|title=F.C.C. Repeals Net Neutrality Rules|last=Kang|first=Cecilia|date=2017-12-14|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-02-02|language=en-US }}{{cbignore}}</ref>