Editing Human brain (section)

==Comparative anatomy==
{{See also|Evolution of the brain}}
The human brain has many properties that are common to all [[vertebrate]] brains.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Glees |first1=Paul |title=The Human Brain |date=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-01781-7 |page=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kWgeOPGdl_MC&pg=PA1}}</ref> Many of its features are common to all [[mammal]]ian brains,<ref name="Simpkins">{{cite book |first1=C. Alexander |last1=Simpkins |first2=Annellen M. |last2=Simpkins |title=Neuroscience for Clinicians: Evidence, Models, and Practice |isbn=978-1-4614-4842-6 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |year=2012 |page=143 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QG4LC-d2sm8C&pg=PA143}}</ref> most notably a six-layered cerebral cortex and a set of associated structures,<ref name="Bornstein">{{cite book |first1=Marc H. |last1=Bornstein |first2=Michael E. |last2=Lamb |title=Developmental Science: An Advanced Textbook |isbn=978-1-136-28220-1 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |year=2015 |page=220 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XhA-CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA220}}</ref> including the hippocampus and [[amygdala]].<ref name="Bernstein">{{cite book |first=Douglas |last=Bernstein |title=Essentials of Psychology |isbn=978-0-495-90693-3 |publisher=[[Cengage Learning]] |year=2010 |page=64 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rd77N0KsLVkC&pg=PA64}}</ref> The cortex is proportionally larger in humans than in many other mammals.<ref name="HOFMAN2014">{{cite journal |last1=Hofman |first1=Michel A. |title=Evolution of the human brain: when bigger is better |journal=Frontiers in Neuroanatomy |date=March 27, 2014 |volume=8 |page=15 |doi=10.3389/fnana.2014.00015|pmid=24723857 |pmc=3973910 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Humans have more association cortex, sensory and motor parts than smaller mammals such as the rat and the cat.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Psychology |last=Gray |first=Peter |publisher=Worth Publishers |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7167-5162-5 |edition=4th |oclc=46640860 |url=https://archive.org/details/psychology00gray }}</ref>

As a [[primate]] brain, the human brain has a much larger cerebral cortex, in proportion to body size, than most mammals,<ref name="Bernstein" /> and a highly developed visual system.<ref name="Lu">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYr6AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 |title=Visual Psychophysics: From Laboratory to Theory |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-262-01945-3 |page=3 |last1=Lu |first1=Zhong-Lin |last2=Dosher |first2=Barbara  }}</ref><ref name="Sharwood Smith">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fe-SDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA206 |title=Introducing Language and Cognition |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-107-15289-2 |page=206 |first=Mike |last=Sharwood Smith}}</ref>

As a [[hominidae|hominid]] brain, the human brain is substantially enlarged even in comparison to the brain of a typical monkey. The sequence of [[human evolution]] from ''[[Australopithecus]]'' (four million years ago) to [[human|''Homo sapiens'']] (modern humans) was marked by a steady increase in brain size.<ref name="Kolb and Whishaw">{{cite book |last1=Kolb |first1=Bryan |last2=Whishaw |first2=Ian Q. |title=Introduction to Brain and Behavior |publisher=[[Macmillan Higher Education]] |isbn=978-1-4641-3960-4 |page=21 |year=2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=teUkAAAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref name="Nieuwenhuys">{{cite book |last1=Nieuwenhuys |first1=Rudolf |last2=ten Donkelaar |first2=Hans J. |last3=Nicholson |first3=Charles  |title=The Central Nervous System of Vertebrates |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |isbn=978-3-642-18262-4 |page=2127 |year=2014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gsDqCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2127}}</ref> As brain size increased, this altered the size and shape of the skull,<ref name="Lee Lerner">{{cite book |last1=Lerner |first1=Lee |last2=Lerner |first2=Brenda Wilmoth |title=The Gale Encyclopedia of Science: Pheasants-Star |isbn=978-0-7876-7559-2 |publisher=[[Gale (publisher)|Gale]] |year=2004 |page=3759 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mp7kcdK6SekC |quote=As human's position changed and the manner in which the skull balanced on the spinal column pivoted, the brain expanded, altering the shape of the cranium.}}</ref> from about 600 [[Cubic centimetre|cm<sup>3</sup>]] in ''[[Homo habilis]]'' to an average of about 1520&nbsp;cm<sup>3</sup> in ''[[Homo neanderthalensis]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Begun |first1=David R. |title=A Companion to Paleoanthropology |date=2012 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-33237-5 |page=388 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oIoT1RcFeCwC&pg=PT388}}</ref> Differences in [[DNA]], [[gene expression]], and [[gene–environment interaction]]s help explain the differences between the function of the human brain and other primates.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Jones, R. |title=Neurogenetics: What makes a human brain? |journal=Nature Reviews Neuroscience |volume=13 |page=655 |year=2012 |pmid=22992645 |doi=10.1038/nrn3355 |issue=10|s2cid=44421363 |doi-access=free }}</ref>