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Propositional formula
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==== Flip-flop memory ==== The next simplest case is the "set-reset" [[Flip-flop (electronics)|flip-flop]] shown below the once-flip. Given that r=0 & s=0 and q=0 at the outset, it is "set" (s=1) in a manner similar to the once-flip. It however has a provision to "reset" q=0 when "r"=1. And additional complication occurs if both set=1 and reset=1. In this formula, the set=1 ''forces'' the output q=1 so when and if (s=0 & r=1) the flip-flop will be reset. Or, if (s=1 & r=0) the flip-flop will be set. In the abstract (ideal) instance in which s=1 β s=0 & r=1 β r=0 simultaneously, the formula q will be indeterminate (undecidable). Due to delays in "real" OR, AND and NOT the result will be unknown at the outset but thereafter predicable. {| |- style="font-size:9pt" align="center" ! width="19.5" Height="12" | ! width="19.5" | ! width="19.5" | ! width="14.25" | ! width="14.25" | ! style="background-color:#FDE9D9;font-weight:bold" width="14.25" | q ! width="14.25" | ! width="14.25" | ! width="16.5" | ! width="14.25" | ! width="14.25" | ! width="14.25" | ! width="14.25" | ! width="14.25" | ! width="14.25" | ! width="23.25" | ! width="153" | |- style="font-size:9pt" align="center" ! style="font-weight:bold" Height="12" | p ! style="font-weight:bold" | s ! style="font-weight:bold" | r ! style="font-weight:bold" | ( ! style="background-color:#FCFF7F;font-weight:bold" | s ! style="background-color:#FDE9D9;font-weight:bold" | ∨ ! style="font-weight:bold" | ( ! style="font-weight:bold" | p ! style="background-color:#DBE5F1;font-weight:bold" | & ! style="background-color:#EAF1DD;font-weight:bold" | ~ ! style="font-weight:bold" | ( ! style="background-color:#FCFF7F;font-weight:bold" | r ! style="font-weight:bold" | ) ! style="font-weight:bold" | ) ! style="font-weight:bold" | ) ! style="background-color:#FDE9D9;font-weight:bold" | = q ! |- style="font-size:9pt" align="center" | Height="12" | 0 | 0 | 0 | | 0 |style="background-color:#FDE9D9" | 0 | | 0 |style="background-color:#DBE5F1" | 0 |style="background-color:#EAF1DD" | 1 | | 0 | | | |style="background-color:#FDE9D9" | 0 | state 0 with ( s=0 & r=0 ) |- style="font-size:9pt" align="center" | Height="12" | 0 | 0 | 1 | | 0 |style="background-color:#FDE9D9" | 0 | | 0 |style="background-color:#DBE5F1" | 0 |style="background-color:#EAF1DD" | 0 | |style="background-color:#FCFF7F" | 1 | | | |style="background-color:#FDE9D9" | 0 | state 0 with ( s=0 & r=1 ) |- style="font-size:9pt" align="center" |style="background-color:#D8D8D8" Height="12" | 0 |style="background-color:#D8D8D8" | 1 |style="background-color:#D8D8D8" | 0 |style="background-color:#D8D8D8" | |style="background-color:#D8D8D8" | 1 |style="background-color:red" | 1 |style="background-color:#D8D8D8" | |style="background-color:red" | 0 |style="background-color:#D8D8D8" | 0 |style="background-color:#D8D8D8" | 1 |style="background-color:#D8D8D8" | |style="background-color:#D8D8D8" | 0 |style="background-color:#D8D8D8" | |style="background-color:#D8D8D8" | |style="background-color:#D8D8D8" | |style="background-color:#D8D8D8" | |style="background-color:#D8D8D8" | q & p inconsistent |- style="font-size:9pt" align="center" |style="background-color:#D8D8D8" Height="12" | 0 |style="background-color:#D8D8D8" | 1 |style="background-color:#D8D8D8" | 1 |style="background-color:#D8D8D8" | |style="background-color:#D8D8D8" | 1 |style="background-color:red" | 1 |style="background-color:#D8D8D8" | |style="background-color:red" | 0 |style="background-color:#D8D8D8" | 0 |style="background-color:#D8D8D8" | 0 |style="background-color:#D8D8D8" | |style="background-color:#D8D8D8" | 1 |style="background-color:#D8D8D8" | |style="background-color:#D8D8D8" | |style="background-color:#D8D8D8" | |style="background-color:#D8D8D8" | |style="background-color:#D8D8D8" | q & p inconsistent |- style="font-size:9pt" align="center" | Height="12" | 1 | 0 | 0 | | 0 |style="background-color:#FDE9D9" | 1 | | 1 |style="background-color:#DBE5F1" | 1 |style="background-color:#EAF1DD" | 1 | | 0 | | | |style="background-color:#FDE9D9" | 1 | state 1 with ( s=0 & r=0 ) |- style="font-size:9pt" align="center" |style="background-color:#D8D8D8" Height="12" | 1 |style="background-color:#D8D8D8" | 0 |style="background-color:#D8D8D8" | 1 |style="background-color:#D8D8D8" | |style="background-color:#D8D8D8" | 0 |style="background-color:red" | 0 |style="background-color:#D8D8D8" | |style="background-color:red" | 1 |style="background-color:#D8D8D8" | 0 |style="background-color:#D8D8D8" | 0 |style="background-color:#D8D8D8" | |style="background-color:#D8D8D8" | 1 |style="background-color:#D8D8D8" | |style="background-color:#D8D8D8" | |style="background-color:#D8D8D8" | |style="background-color:#D8D8D8" | |style="background-color:#D8D8D8" | q & p inconsistent |- style="font-size:9pt" align="center" | Height="12" | 1 | 1 | 0 | |style="background-color:#FCFF7F" | 1 |style="background-color:#FDE9D9" | 1 | | 1 |style="background-color:#DBE5F1" | 1 |style="background-color:#EAF1DD" | 1 | | 0 | | | |style="background-color:#FDE9D9" | 1 | state 1 with ( s=1 & r=0 ) |- style="font-size:9pt" align="center" |style="background-color:#F2F2F2" Height="12" | 1 |style="background-color:#F2F2F2" | 1 |style="background-color:#F2F2F2" | 1 |style="background-color:#F2F2F2" | |style="background-color:#FCFF7F" | 1 |style="background-color:#FDE9D9" | 1 |style="background-color:#F2F2F2" | |style="background-color:#F2F2F2" | 1 |style="background-color:#DBE5F1" | 0 |style="background-color:#EAF1DD" | 0 |style="background-color:#F2F2F2" | |style="background-color:#FCFF7F" | 1 |style="background-color:#F2F2F2" | |style="background-color:#F2F2F2" | |style="background-color:#F2F2F2" | |style="background-color:#FDE9D9" | 1 |style="background-color:#F2F2F2" | state 1 with s & r simultaneously 1 |}
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