Editing Development communication (section)

====Policy science as catalyst instrument for environmental communication towards development====

[[Policy science]] is the bedrock in developing environmental and social movement to address immense issue and predicament regarding environmental depletion and societal development. However, there are three components to be considered when addressing about the issue and talking about development (economy, environment, and society). The most prevalent phenomenon bound to become increasingly imperative through the ongoing dual process of economic-cum-ecological globalization wherein the process of constructing policies for [[sustainable development]] is essential. The concept of "policy science" plays a central role in the development; therefore, the incorporation and synchronization of communication and policy science in tackling the challenges encountered is valuable. The communicators are critical contributors to societal development and environmental sustainability wherein the basis could be aided as the framework for [[policy analysis]] and policy construction. At these science-policy interfaces, policymakers, communicators and other key stakeholders are supposed to interact on a constant basis.<ref name="Li">{{cite journal|last1=Li|first1=N.|title=The Science-Policy Interface as a Communication Process: Exploring How Policy Decision-Makers Perceive Science-Driven Policy and Make Evidence-Based Decisions on the Nuclear Fuel Cycle|journal=ProQuest LLC|date=2015}}</ref>

Development with emphasis on [[environmental communication]] instrument guided by the policy science is a trending topic. Indeed, the consideration of environmental communication in developing policy to handle the enduring distresses act as catalyst for policy makers to unravel protuberant concern. Numerous countries that have developed or are developing when surfacing about the environment is essentially crucial as the development that is being misguided by the policy science will lead to a plethora of [[environmental crisis]]. Therefore, policy creation in fostering environmental communication is vital as it has significantly contributed to the totality growth of economy and serve as a platform to raise key questions that positively helpful in [[decision making]]. Environmental communication, defined as "... the medium that we use in constructing environmental problems and negotiating communities different responses to them.<ref name="Cox">{{cite book|last1=Cox|first1=R.|title=Risk communication: Nonexpert publics and acceptable risk. In Environmental communication and the public sphere|date=2006|publisher=Sage|location=Thousand Oaks, CA|pages=205–240}}</ref> The development of environmental policy instruments at the national level has a positive influence on [[environmental management]] at other levels and all sectors.<ref name="Lagzdina">{{cite journal|last1=Lagzdina|first1=E.|title=Environmental communication instruments for environmental policy integration|journal=Scientific Journal of Riga Technical University: Environmental and Climate Technologies|date=2010|volume=5|issue=1|page=56|bibcode=2010SJRUE...5...56L|doi=10.2478/v10145-010-0035-2|doi-access=free}}</ref> However, the requirement in developing "environmental communication instrument" is essential to lay the foundation for the framework to understand the environmental communication policy science in stimulating for development into top-down stream from national level. Communication in the environmental sector that is primarily formally regulated by access to information and participation legal acts, has great potential, if an immense variety of well-developed and continuously emerging new environmental communication forms represented by different sectors and target groups, are utilized for the common goal of sustainable development.<ref name="Lagzdina" /> However, these will become successful when communicators, policy makers, and key stakeholders can effectively convey their messages to each other and build mutual trust based on a set of co-constructed knowledge.<ref name="Bogenschneider">{{cite book|last1=Bogenschneider|first1=K.|last2=Corbett|first2=T.|title=Evidence-based policymaking: Insights from policy-minded researchers and research-minded policymakers|publisher=Routledge|date=2011|isbn=978-0-415-80584-1 }}</ref> Setting policy to promote environmental communication for development is essential. However, understanding environmental communication instruments especially the broad spectrum of technical content and social consideration to lever the consequences should not be deserted.

===== Governance =====
In a study by Hilbert, Miles, and Othmer (2009), a five-round Delphi exercise was conducted to show how "international foresight exercises, through online and offline tools, can make policy-making in developing countries more participatory, fostering transparency and accountability of public decision-making". Policy science was used to identify future priorities with regard to the 2005–2007 Latin American and Caribbean Action Plan for the Information Society ([[ELAC Action Plans|eLAC2007]]). The paper presented specific policy guidance, and explained how [[Delphi method|Policy]] [null Delphi] methods can be applied to make public decision-making more transparent and accountable, particularly in developing countries. Practical implications drawn include 1) "the governments' acknowledgement of the value of collective intelligence from civil society, academic and private sector participants of the Delphi and the ensuing appreciation of participative policy-making" and 2) "the role that can be played by the United Nations (and potentially by other inter-governmental agencies) in international participatory policy-making in the digital age, especially if they modernize the way they assist member countries in developing public policy agendas".<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hilbert|first1=Martin|last2=Miles|first2=Ian|last3=Othmer|first3=Julia|date=2009-09-01|title=Foresight tools for participative policy-making in inter-governmental processes in developing countries: Lessons learned from the eLAC Policy Priorities Delphi|journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change|volume=76|issue=7|pages=880–896|doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2009.01.001|s2cid=154784808 }}</ref>

Issues and Challenges of Development Communication and Policy Science

Although the field of development communication has been present as early as the 1950s, Waisbord (2005)<ref>Waisbord, S. (2005). Media and Glocal Change: Rethinking Communication for Development. http://biblioteca.clacso.edu.ar/clacso/coediciones/20100824064549/08Chapter4.pdf</ref> mentioned that it faces two sets of challenges. The first set of challenges has something to do with the critical aspects of development projects: scale and sustainability. The first challenge asks how a small-scale project and its effects in a locally based community be replicated to the national level. On the other hand, sustainability refers to community projects that have a long-lasting impact. It asks the questions about how long will the impact of the project take effect?. The second set of challenges focuses on the specific issues of communication. This concentrates on bridging the divide between 'small' and 'big' media and looking at their contribution towards development communication.

Servaes and Lie (2014)<ref>Servaes, J. & Lie, R. (2014). New challenges for communication for sustainable development and social change: a review essay. Journal of Multicultural Discourses, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/17447143.2014.982655</ref> also outlined the main challenges for the field of communication for development:
#The differences between good governance and good government and the issues of transparency and accountability. 
#The complexity of the participatory concept. 
#Participation taking place at different levels.
#The reinforcement of independent and pluralistic media.
#Not making full use of potential radio.
#Enabling policy and resources.
#Implementing a legal and supportive framework favoring the right to free expression and the emergence of free and pluralistic information systems.
#Building alliances
#New global partnerships are necessary with the media, development agencies, universities, and governments.

===== Distance education =====
In the book "Beyond Access and Equity: Distance Learning Models in Asia", Flor (2002) details the case of SMP Terbuka, a junior secondary education in Indonesia delivered in distance learning mode. This is in consonance with the country's pursuit of the Universalization of Basic Education. In assessing the socio-cultural environment of SMP Terbuka and in determining the policy environment for [[distance learning]], environmental scanning was done. The study also used the problematique method to analyze structural-organizational problems in a distance learning system, along with their causes. Overall, a systems analysis approach was employed where the environment, the stakeholders, the organization cum network, and problem structure were analyzed. Flor proceeds with a proposed communication and advocacy plan for SMP Terbuka aimed at eliciting public support to this alternative education mode. In designing the [[social marketing]] and advocacy blueprint, situation analysis was used. This employed four methods, namely, "environmental scanning, communication resources assessment; review of existing communication strategies; and strategic impact analysis directed at sector stakeholders".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Flor |first=Alexander G. |title=Beyond Access and Equity: Distance Learning Models in Asia |date=2002 |publisher=Asian Institute of Development Studies |url=https://www.academia.edu/579451 |language=en}}</ref>

===== Health reforms =====
Walt and Gilson (1994) emphasized the central role of policy analysis in health reforms in developing countries. In their study, they argue that [[health policy]] narrowly focuses on the content of reform, and neglects other crucial considerations such as the context that calls for such reform, the processes involved, and the social actors or the stakeholders associated with the reform.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=WALT|first1=GILL|last2=GILSON|first2=LUCY|date=1994-12-01|title=Reforming the health sector in developing countries: the central role of policy analysis|journal=Health Policy and Planning|language=en|volume=9|issue=4|pages=353–370|doi=10.1093/heapol/9.4.353|pmid=10139469|issn=0268-1080|doi-access=free}}</ref>
Bernardo (2017) has considered that care policies are not the same globally. It has been recommended to create four complementary offices to standardize what is right or wrong to all patients as well as contribute to establishing the key strategies and priorities of the national policy. This includes the managerial office in evidence-based medicine, evidence-generation offices, evidence-implementation offices, and conflict-arbitration offices.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1590/S1679-45082017ED4314| title=Public health policies and scientific evidence| year=2017| last1=Bernardo| first1=Wanderley Marques| journal=Einstein (São Paulo)| volume=15| issue=4| pages=7–10| pmid=29364373| pmc=5875176}}</ref>

'''Community Health'''

The underlying principles of development communication have had significant impact on various levels of policy planning. A UNICEF commissioned report by Galway,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/arsenicun7.pdf|title=Chapter 7 - Communication for Development|last=Galway|first=Michael|date=2001|website=World Health Organization|access-date=4 April 2019}}</ref> for example, cited that there was a large communication initiative in Bangladesh where a national information campaign was launched to raise awareness of villagers on arsenic in drinking water. In his report, "top-down health education models are being replaced with more participatory approaches;" an approach which development communication features as a more effective methodology than linear models of communication. Schiavo also noted that participatory processes provide a platform for health messages and interventions which communicate directly to local communities.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schiavo|first=Renata|date=2016-01-02|title=The importance of community-based communication for health and social change|journal=Journal of Communication in Healthcare|volume=9|issue=1|pages=1–3|doi=10.1080/17538068.2016.1154755|issn=1753-8068|doi-access=free}}</ref>