Editing Multiculturalism (section)

== Oceania ==

===Australia===
{{Main|Multiculturalism in Australia}}
The next country to adopt an official policy of multiculturalism after Canada was [[Australia]], a country with similar immigration situations and similar policies - for example, the formation of the [[Special Broadcasting Service]].<ref name="immi.gov.au">{{cite web |url=http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/research/_pdf/poa-2008.pdf |title=IMMI.gov.au |access-date= 10 December 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081209074027/http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/research/_pdf/poa-2008.pdf |archive-date= 9 December 2008 |url-status= dead }}</ref> The [[Australian Government]] retains multiculturalism in policy and as a defining aspect of modern Australia.<ref name="Reference"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="policy"/><ref name="hon-tony"/>

[[File:Chinatown Sydney.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|[[Chinatown, Sydney|Sydney's Chinatown]]]]
The [[White Australia Policy]] was dismantled after [[World War II]] by various changes to [[Immigration to Australia| immigration policy]], although the official policy of multiculturalism was not formally introduced until 1972.<ref name="GalliganRavenhill1997">{{cite book |author1=Brian Galligan |author2=John Ravenhill |title=New developments in Australian politics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFUm9uiS5akC&pg=PA13 |date=15 June 1997 |publisher=Macmillan Education AU |isbn=978-0-7329-4304-2 |page=13}}</ref> The election of [[Howard government|John Howard's Liberal-National Coalition]] government in 1996 was a major watershed for Australian multiculturalism. [[John Howard|Howard]] had long been a critic of multiculturalism, releasing his [[One Australia policy]] in the late 1980s.<ref name="Cornelius2004">{{cite book |author=Wayne A. Cornelius |title=Controlling immigration: a global perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i0d10wbGkWEC&pg=PA143 |year=2004|publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-4490-4 |page=143}}</ref> ''[[A Practical Reference to Religious Diversity for Operational Police and Emergency Services]]'', first published in 1999, was a publication of the [[Australasian Police Multicultural Advisory Bureau]] designed to offer guidance to police and emergency services personnel on how [[religious affiliation]] can affect their contact with the public.<ref>{{cite web|title=Document Details|work=Abstract Database|publisher=US National Criminal Justice Reference Service|url=http://www.ncjrs.gov/App/abstractdb/AbstractDBDetails.aspx?id=183016|access-date=28 April 2010}}</ref><ref name="dunn">{{Cite journal|last=Dunn|first=Andy|title=Two-Way Tolerance|journal=Police Journal Online|volume=81|issue=6|date=June 2000|url=http://www.policejournalsa.org.au/0006/17a.html|access-date=27 April 2010|archive-date=28 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090928055931/http://policejournalsa.org.au/0006/17a.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Chilana|first=Rajwant Singh|title=International bibliography of Sikh studies|publisher=Springer|year=2005|page=444|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wEX-98eVyBcC&pg=PA444|isbn=978-1-4020-3043-7}}</ref> The first edition covered [[Buddhist]], [[Hindu]], [[Islamic]], [[Jewish]] and [[Sikh]] faiths, with participation of representatives of the various [[religions]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Practical Reference to Religious Diversity for Operational Police|publisher=National Police Ethnic Advisory Bureau |edition=1st |year=1999 |url=http://www.apmab.gov.au/guide/religious/religious.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030316104007/http://www.apmab.gov.au/guide/religious/religious.pdf|archive-date=16 March 2003}}</ref> The second edition, published in 2002, added [[Christian]], [[Aboriginal Australians|Aboriginal]] and [[Torres Strait Islander]] religions and the [[Baháʼí Faith]] to the list of religions.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Practical Reference to Religious Diversity for Operational Police|publisher=Australasian Police Multicultural Advisory Bureau |edition=2nd |year=2002 |url=http://www.apmab.gov.au/guide/religious2/religious_guide.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050619070219/http://www.apmab.gov.au/guide/religious2/religious_guide.pdf|archive-date=19 June 2005}}</ref>

Contact between people of different cultures in Australia has been characterised by tolerance and engagement, but have also occasionally resulted in conflict and rifts.<ref>{{Cite journal |url = http://www.hawaii.edu/hivandaids/Racism,_Ethnicity_and_Hate_Crime.pdf |last1 = White |first1 = Rob |last2 = Perrone |first2 = Santina |year = 2001 |title = Racism, Ethnicity and Hate Crime |journal = Communal/Plural |volume = 9 |issue = 2 |pages = 161–81 |access-date = 18 August 2012 |doi = 10.1080/13207870120081479 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100705040633/http://www.hawaii.edu/hivandaids/Racism,_Ethnicity_and_Hate_Crime.pdf |archive-date = 5 July 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title = Hate Speech and Freedom of Speech in Australia |chapter = The Volatility of Racism in Australia |pages = 20–33 |editor1= Katharine Gelber |editor2=Adrienne Stone |isbn = 9781862876538 |publisher = Federation Press |year=2007 |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3oYYweMrF8C&q=%22volatility+of+racism+in+australia%22&pg=PA20 |author = Ann Curthoys |author-link=Ann Curthoys }}</ref> Australia's diverse migrant communities have brought with them food, lifestyle and cultural practices, many of which have been absorbed into mainstream Australian culture.<ref name="Reference"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/>

Members of a multicultural community who are not of [[English-speaking]] [[Anglo-Australian]], [[Anglo-Saxon]] or ‘[[Anglo-Celtic]]’ Australian [[Ethnicity|background]] or not [[cultural assimilation|"assimilated"]] are often referred to in policy discourse as [[culturally and linguistically diverse]] (CALD), introduced in 1996 to replace non-English speaking background (NESB).<ref>{{cite conference|url=https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/entities/publication/5607e883-bc20-42a0-93ce-0a4b1769edfe|title=How useful is the term "Culturally And Linguistically Diverse (CALD)" in the Australian social policy discourse?|last1=Sawrikar|first1=Pooja|last2=Katz|first2=Ilan|date=2009|publisher=[[University of New South Wales]]|doi=10.26190/unsworks/25860|conference=Australian Social Policy Conference: An Inclusive Society? Practicalities and Possibilities|hdl=1959.4/unsworks_39250|hdl-access=free|access-date=29 December 2024}}{{rp|p=2}}{{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=What is CALD? A Comprehensive Guide to CALD Communities|publisher=Ethnolink|date=16 May 2023|url=https://www.ethnolink.com.au/cald-culturally-and-linguistically-diverse/|access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jeon|first1=Yun-Hee|last2=Chenoweth|first2=Lynn|date=January 2007|title=Working With a Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CALD) Group of Nurses|url=https://www.collegianjournal.com/article/S1322-7696(08)60543-0/abstract|journal=[[Australian College of Nursing|Collegian: The Australian Journal of Nursing Practice, Scholarship and Research]] |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=16–22 |doi=10.1016/s1322-7696(08)60543-0 |pmid=17294682 |hdl=10453/5895 |access-date=29 December 2024 |url-access=subscription |hdl-access=free}}</ref>

=== New Zealand ===
[[New Zealand]] is a [[Sovereign state|sovereign]] Oceanic country that adopted its multicultural policies post World War II. The country used to have immigration policies similar to Australia's [[White Australia Policy]] and the United States [[Immigration Act of 1924]],<ref>Socidad Peruana de Medicina Intensiva (SOPEMI) (2000). ''Trends in international migration: continuous reporting system on migration''. [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]]. pp. 276–278.</ref> but it would later follow suit with Australia and Canada in the 1970s and adopt similar multicultural policies. The relaxation of migration led to an influx of new migration to New Zealand in the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/history-of-immigration|title=History of immigration – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand|last=Taonga|first=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu|website=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |language=en|access-date=16 July 2018}}</ref><ref>Phillips, Jock (11 August 2015). "History of immigration". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 2 June 2017.</ref> This led to an increase of Asian and Pacific islander peoples on the island, and ultimately a more diverse European population.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/the-new-zealanders/page-13|title=13. – The New Zealanders – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand|last=Taonga|first=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu|website=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |language=en|access-date=16 July 2018}}</ref> In 1985, the Law Commission Act was passed which required the New Zealand Law Commission to review laws while taking into account both the indigenous [[Māori people|Māori]] of New Zealand and New Zealand's multicultural character.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.queensu.ca/mcp/immigrant-minorities/evidence/new-zealand|title=New Zealand {{!}} Multiculturalism Policies in Contemporary Democracies|website=queensu.ca|language=en|access-date=16 July 2018}}</ref> In 1987, New Zealand officially recognized the indigenous Māori language as a national language.<ref>"Waitangi Tribunal claim – Māori Language Week". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. July 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2011.</ref> The revitalization in the Māori language led to its immersion in schools and television broadcast.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=11670518|title=John Drinnan: 'Maori' will remain in the name Maori Television|last=@Zagzigger2|first=John Drinnan John Drinnan is the Media writer for the New Zealand Herald jdrinnan@xtra co nz|date=7 July 2016|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |access-date=16 July 2018|language=en-NZ|issn=1170-0777}}</ref>

In 2001, the New Zealand government opened an Office of Ethnic Affairs to advise its local governments on the advancement of ethnic diversity and affairs of its multicultural communities.<ref name="auto"/> [[List of dual place names in New Zealand|Many landmarks]] on the island have both their Māori and English names officially recognized. Māori makes up 3.7% of the population's speaking language.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/topics/language?url=/Census/2013-census/profile-and-summary-reports/quickstats-culture-identity/languages.aspx|title=Language {{!}} Stats NZ|website=stats.govt.nz|language=en-NZ|access-date=16 July 2018}}</ref> A 2013 census of New Zealand's population showed that 74% of the population identifies ethnically as European, while the latter 15% majority identify as Māori. The remainder identify as Asian, Arab, African, Pacific Islander and Latin American.

=== Papua New Guinea ===
[[Papua New Guinea]] has one of the most [[heterogeneous]] [[indigenous population|indigenous populations]] in the world: there are several thousand separate [[communities]], most with only a few hundred people.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Fearon|first=James D.|author-link=James Fearon|title=Ethnic and Cultural Diversity by Country|journal=[[Journal of Economic Growth]]|url=https://web.stanford.edu/group/fearon-research/cgi-bin/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Ethnic-and-Cultural-Diversity-by-Country.pdf|date=1 June 2003|volume=8|issue=2|pages=195–222|doi=10.1023/A:1024419522867|s2cid=152680631|access-date=29 December 2024|url-access=subscription}}</ref>{{rp|p=205}} This [[Oceanian]] country is home to over eight million people<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/|title=World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations|website=esa.un.org|access-date=6 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919061238/https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/|archive-date=19 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> that are divided into hundreds of different indigenous ethnic groups and cultures with over 820 different indigenous languages.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/PG|title=Papua New Guinea|work=Ethnologue|access-date=6 July 2018|language=en}}</ref> A majority of the indigenous groups are [[Indigenous people of New Guinea|Papuans]] who have ancestors that lived in New Guinea over ten thousand years ago. The latter majority are [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesians]] whose ancestors arrived less than four thousand years ago. The island's population is also made up of many [[expatriate]] [[citizens]] from [[China]], [[Australia]], [[Indonesia]], [[Europe]] and the [[Philippines]]. In 1975, the island population was found to be made up of 40,000 of these diverse expatriate citizens.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Papua-New-Guinea|title=Papua New Guinea {{!}} Culture, History, & People|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=11 July 2018|language=en}}</ref> Despite the large amount of culturally diverse locations on the island, the [[Kuk Early Agricultural Site]] is the only [[UNESCO]] World heritage location.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/PG|title=Papua New Guinea |work= UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|access-date=28 July 2018}}</ref>