Editing Net neutrality (section)

===Pricing models===
Broadband Internet access has most often been sold to users based on [[Excess Information Rate]] or maximum available bandwidth. If ISPs can provide varying levels of service to websites at various prices, this may be a way to manage the costs of unused capacity by selling surplus bandwidth (or "leverage [[price discrimination]] to recoup costs of '[[consumer surplus]]{{'"}}). However, purchasers of connectivity on the basis of [[Committed Information Rate]] or guaranteed bandwidth capacity must expect the capacity they purchase in order to meet their communications requirements. Various studies have sought to provide network providers with the necessary formulas for adequately pricing such a [[tiered service]] for their customer base. But while network neutrality is primarily focused on protocol-based provisioning, most of the pricing models are based on bandwidth restrictions.<ref name="pricingstudy">{{cite web |url=http://rouskas.csc.ncsu.edu/Publications/Thesis/PHD-Lv-2010.pdf |title=NCSU.edu |access-date=23 June 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720011813/http://rouskas.csc.ncsu.edu/Publications/Thesis/PHD-Lv-2010.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011}}</ref>

Many Economists have analyzed Net Neutrality to compare various hypothetical pricing models. For instance, economic professors Michael L. Katz and Benjamin E. Hermalin at the University of California Berkeley co-published a paper titled, "The Economics of Product-Line Restrictions with an Application to the Network Neutrality Debate" in 2007. In this paper, they compared the single-service economic equilibrium to the multi-service economic equilibriums under Net Neutrality.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Choi, Jeon, Kim|first=Jay Pil, Doh-Shin, Byung|date=August 2015|title=Net, Neutrality, Business Models, and Internet Interconnection|journal=American Economic Association|volume=7|issue=3|pages=108|jstor=24467004}}</ref>