Editing Psychoanalysis (section)

===Research results===
Numerous studies have shown that the efficacy of therapy is primarily related to the quality of the therapeutic alliance.<ref>Horvath, A. 2001. "The Alliance." ''[[Psychotherapy (journal)|Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training]]'' 38(4):365–72. {{doi|10.1037/0033-3204.38.4.365}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Is psychoanalysis still relevant to psychiatry?|journal=The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry|author=Joel Paris|date=2017 |volume=62 |issue=5 |pages=308–312 |doi=10.1177/0706743717692306|pmid=28141952 |pmc=5459228 }}</ref>

[[Meta-analysis|Meta-analyses]] in 2019 found psychoanalytic and psychodynamic therapy effective at improving psychosocial wellbeing, reducing suicidality, as well as self-harm behavior in patients at a 6-month interval.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Briggs |first1=Stephen |last2=Netuveli |first2=Gopalakrishnan |last3=Gould |first3=Nick |last4=Gkaravella |first4=Antigone |last5=Gluckman |first5=Nicole S. |last6=Kangogyere |first6=Patricia |last7=Farr |first7=Ruby |last8=Goldblatt |first8=Mark J. |last9=Lindner |first9=Reinhard |date=June 2019 |title=The effectiveness of psychoanalytic/psychodynamic psychotherapy for reducing suicide attempts and self-harm: systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |language=en |volume=214 |issue=6 |pages=320–328 |doi=10.1192/bjp.2019.33 |pmid=30816079 |issn=0007-1250|doi-access=free }}</ref> There has also been evidence for psychoanalytic psychotherapy as an effective treatment for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Conduct Disorder when compared with behavioral management treatments with or without [[methylphenidate]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Laezer |first1=Katrin Luise |last2=Tischer |first2=Inka |last3=Gaertner |first3=Birgit |last4=Leuzinger-Bohleber |first4=Marianne |date=September 2021 |title=[Psychoanalytic Treatments without Medication and Behavioral Therapy Treatments with and without Medication in Children with the Diagnosis of ADHD and/or Conduct Disorder] |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34519617/ |journal=Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie |volume=70 |issue=6 |pages=499–519 |doi=10.13109/prkk.2021.70.6.499 |issn=0032-7034 |pmid=34519617|s2cid=239414619 }}</ref> Meta-analysis in 2012 and 2013 found support or evidence for the efficacy of psychoanalytic therapy.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Leichsenring | first1=Falk | last2=Abbass | first2=Allan | last3=Luyten | first3=Patrick | last4=Hilsenroth | first4=Mark | last5=Rabung | first5=Sven | title=The Emerging Evidence for Long-Term Psychodynamic Therapy | journal=Psychodynamic Psychiatry | publisher=Guilford Publications | volume=41 | issue=3 | year=2013 | issn=2162-2590 | doi=10.1521/pdps.2013.41.3.361 | pages=361–384 |pmid=24001160|s2cid=10911045|s2cid-access=free |url=http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/729f/6f7721dd8491f768cd53eefae8d06afc5629.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226202546/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/729f/6f7721dd8491f768cd53eefae8d06afc5629.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2019-02-26}}</ref><ref name="de Maat 2013">{{cite journal | last1=de Maat | first1=Saskia | last2=de Jonghe | first2=Frans | last3=de Kraker | first3=Ruth | last4=Leichsenring | first4=Falk | last5=Abbass | first5=Allan | last6=Luyten | first6=Patrick | last7=Barber | first7=Jacques P. | last8=Van | first8=Rien | last9=Dekker | first9=Jack | title=The Current State of the Empirical Evidence for Psychoanalysis: A meta-analytic approach | journal=Harvard Review of Psychiatry | publisher=Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health) | volume=21 | issue=3 | year=2013 | issn=1067-3229 | doi=10.1097/hrp.0b013e318294f5fd | pages=107–137|pmid=23660968|doi-access=free}}</ref> Other meta-analyses published in recent years{{when|date=September 2024}} showed psychoanalysis and [[psychodynamic psychotherapy|psychodynamic therapy]] to be effective, with outcomes comparable to or greater than other kinds of [[psychotherapy]] or [[antidepressant drugs]],<ref>{{Citation|author=Shedler|first=Jonathan|title=The Efficacy of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy|journal=American Psychologist|volume=65|issue=2|pages=98–109|year=2010|citeseerx=10.1.1.607.2980|doi=10.1037/a0018378|pmid=20141265|s2cid=2034090 }}</ref><ref>{{citation|last1=Leichsenring|first1=F.|title=Are psychodynamic and psychoanalytic therapies effective|journal=International Journal of Psychoanalysis|volume=86|issue=3|pages=841–68|year=2005|doi=10.1516/rfee-lkpn-b7tf-kpdu|pmid=16096078|s2cid=38880785|s2cid-access=free}}</ref><ref>Leichsenring, Falk, and Sven Rabung. 2011. "[https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/3088C7939D17CA5DFD2144FB84AC9379/S000712500025575Xa.pdf/longterm_psychodynamic_psychotherapy_in_complex_mental_disorders_update_of_a_metaanalysis.pdf Long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy in complex mental disorders: update of a meta-analysis]." ''[[British Journal of Psychiatry]]'' 199(1):15–22. {{doi|10.1192/bjp.bp.110.082776}}. {{PMID|21719877}} – via [[Cambridge University Press]].</ref> but these meta-analyses have been subjected to various criticisms.<ref>McKay, Dean. 2011. "[https://fordham.bepress.com/psych_facultypubs/318 Methods and mechanisms in the efficacy of psychodynamic psychotherapy]{{Access indicator|closed}}." ''[[American Psychologist]]'' 66(2):147–8. {{doi|10.1037/a0021195}}. {{PMID|21299262}}.</ref><ref>Thombs, Brett D., Lisa R. Jewett, and Marielle Bassel. 2011. "Is there room for criticism of studies of psychodynamic psychotherapy?" ''[[American Psychologist]]'' 66(2):148–49. {{doi|10.1037/a0021248}}. {{PMID|21299263}}.</ref><ref>Anestis, Michael D., Joye C. Anestis, and Scott O. Lilienfeld. 2011. "When it comes to evaluating psychodynamic therapy, the devil is in the details." ''[[American Psychologist]]'' 66(2):149–51. {{doi|10.1037/a0021190}}. {{PMID|21299264}}.</ref><ref>Tryon, Warren W., and Georgiana S. Tryon. 2011. "No ownership of common factors." ''[[American Psychologist]]'' 66(2):151–52. {{doi|10.1037/a0021056}}. {{PMID|21299265}}.</ref> In particular, the inclusion of pre-/post-studies (rather than randomized controlled trials) and the absence of adequate comparisons with control treatments pose a serious limitation in interpreting the results.<ref name="de Maat 2013" /> A French 2004 report from [[INSERM]] concluded that psychoanalytic therapy is less effective than other psychotherapies (including [[cognitive behavioral therapy]]) for certain diseases.<ref name="INSERM" />

In 2011, the [[American Psychological Association]] reviewed 103 [[Randomized controlled trial|RCT]] comparisons between psychodynamic treatment and a non-dynamic competitor, which had been published between 1974 and 2010, and among which 63 were deemed of adequate [[Academic publishing|quality]]. Out of 39 comparisons with an active competitor, they found that 6 psychodynamic treatments were superior, 5 were inferior, and 28 showed no difference. The study found these results promising but emphasized the necessity of further good-quality trials replicating positive results on specific disorders.<ref name="Gerber">{{cite journal|last1=Gerber|first1=Andrew J|last2=Kocsis|first2=James H|last3=Milrod|first3=Barbara L|last4=Roose|first4=Steven P|last5=Barber|first5=Jacques P|last6=Thase|first6=Michael E|last7=Perkins|first7=Patrick|last8=Leon|first8=Andrew C|year=2011|title=A Quality-Based Review of Randomized Controlled Trials of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy|journal=[[American Journal of Psychiatry]]|volume=168|issue=1|pages=19–28|doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.08060843|pmid=20843868}}</ref>

Meta-analyses of Short Term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy (STPP) have found [[effect size]]s ([[Effect size#Cohen's d|Cohen's d]]) ranging from 0.34 to 0.71 compared to no treatment and were found to be slightly better than other therapies in follow-up.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Anderson |first1=Edward M. |last2=Lambert|first2=Michael J. |year=1995|title=Short-term dynamically oriented psychotherapy: A review and meta-analysis|journal=Clinical Psychology Review|volume=15|issue=6|pages=503–514|doi=10.1016/0272-7358(95)00027-m}}</ref> Other reviews have found an effect size of 0.78 to 0.91 for [[somatoform disorder]]s compared to no treatment<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abbass |first1=Allan |last2=Kisely |first2=Stephen |last3=Kroenke |first3=Kurt |year=2009|title=Short-Term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy for Somatic Disorders. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials|journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics|volume=78|issue=5|pages=265–74|doi=10.1159/000228247|pmid=19602915|hdl=10072/30557|s2cid=16419162|hdl-access=free}}</ref> and 0.69 for treating depression.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Abass, Allen A.|display-authors=etal|year=2010|title=The efficacy of short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy for depression: A meta-analysis|journal=Clinical Psychology Review|volume=30|issue=1|pages=25–36|doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2009.08.010|pmid=19766369|s2cid=21768475 }}</ref> A 2012 ''[[Harvard Review of Psychiatry]]'' meta-analysis of Intensive Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy (ISTDP) found effect sizes ranging from 0.84 for interpersonal problems to 1.51 for depression. Overall ISTDP had an effect size of 1.18 compared to no treatment.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Abbass |first1=Allan |last2=Town|first2 = Joel |last3 = Driessen|first3= Ellen |year = 2012 |title = Intensive Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Outcome Research |journal = Harvard Review of Psychiatry |volume = 20 |issue = 2 |pages = 97–108 |doi = 10.3109/10673229.2012.677347 |pmid = 22512743 |citeseerx=10.1.1.668.6311 |s2cid=6432516 }}</ref>

A meta-analysis of Long Term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy (LTPP) in 2012 found an overall effect size of 0.33, which is modest. This study concluded the recovery rate following LTPP was equal to control treatments, including treatment as usual, and found the evidence for the effectiveness of LTPP to be limited and at best conflicting.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Smit |first1 = Y. |last2 = Huibers |first2 = J. |last3 = Ioannidis |first3 = J. |last4 = van Dyck |first4 = R. |last5 = van Tilburg |first5 = W. |last6 = Arntz |first6 = A. |title = The effectiveness of long-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy — A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials |journal = Clinical Psychology Review |volume = 32 |issue = 2 |pages = 81–92 |year = 2012 |doi = 10.1016/j.cpr.2011.11.003 |pmid = 22227111 }}</ref> Others have found effect sizes of 0.44–0.68.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Leichsenring |first1 = Falk |last2 = Rabung |first2 = Sven |title = Long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy in complex mental disorders: update of a meta-analysis |journal = The British Journal of Psychiatry |year = 2011 |doi = 10.1192/bjp.bp.110.082776 |pmid = 21719877 |volume = 199 |issue = 1 |pages = 15–22 |doi-access = free}}</ref>

According to a 2004 French review conducted by [[Inserm|INSERM]], psychoanalysis was presumed or proven effective at treating [[panic disorder]], [[post-traumatic stress]], and [[personality disorders]], but did not find evidence of its effectiveness in treating [[schizophrenia]], [[obsessive compulsive disorder]], [[specific phobia]], [[bulimia]] and [[anorexia]].<ref name="INSERM">INSERM Collective Expertise Centre. 2004. "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7123/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK7123.pdf Psychotherapy: Three approaches evaluated]." ''INSERM Collective Expert Reports.'' Paris: [[Inserm|Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale]] (2000). {{PMID|21348158}}. [[National Center for Biotechnology Information|NCBI]] {{NCBIBook2|NBK7123}}.</ref>

A 2001 systematic review of the medical literature by the [[Cochrane Collaboration]] concluded that no data exist demonstrating that psychodynamic psychotherapy is effective in treating schizophrenia and severe mental illness, and cautioned that medication should always be used alongside any type of [[psychotherapy|talk therapy]] in schizophrenia cases.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001360 |pmid=11686988 |pmc=4171459 |title=Individual psychodynamic psychotherapy and psychoanalysis for schizophrenia and severe mental illness |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=3 |pages=CD001360 |year=2001 |last1=Malmberg |first1=Lena |last2=Fenton |first2=Mark |last3=Rathbone |first3=John |volume=2012 }}</ref> A French review from 2004 found the same.<ref name="INSERM" /> The Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team advises against the use of [[Psychodynamic psychotherapy|psychodynamic therapy]] in cases of schizophrenia, arguing that more trials are necessary to verify its effectiveness.<ref>{{cite journal | pmc=2800150 | year=2009 | last1=Kreyenbuhl | first1=J. | last2=Buchanan | first2=R. W. | last3=Dickerson | first3=F. B. | last4=Dixon | first4=L. B. | author5=Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT) | title=The Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT): Updated Treatment Recommendations 2009 | journal=Schizophrenia Bulletin | volume=36 | issue=1 | pages=94–103 | doi=10.1093/schbul/sbp130 | pmid=19955388 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033303|pmid=9502543|title=Patterns of Usual Care for Schizophrenia: Initial Results from the Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT) Client Survey |year=1998 |last1=Lehman |first1=A. F. |last2=Steinwachs |first2=D. M. |journal=Schizophrenia Bulletin |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=11–20 |doi-access=free}}</ref>