Editing Anti-Americanism (section)

=== The Americas ===
All the countries of [[North America|North]] and [[South America]] (including [[Canada]], the [[United States|United States of America]], and [[Latin America]]n countries) are often referred to as "[[Americas|The Americas]]" in the [[Anglosphere]]. In the U.S. and most countries outside Latin America, the terms "America" and "American" typically refer only to the United States of America and its citizens respectively. In the 1890s Cuban writer [[José Martí]] in an essay, "Our America," alludes to his objection to this usage.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Mauricio Augusto Font|author2=Alfonso W. Quiroz|title=The Cuban Republic and José Martí: Reception and Use of a National Symbol|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EQd86Hwmj3kC&pg=PA118|year=2006|publisher=Lexington Books|page=118|isbn=9780739112250|access-date=24 July 2017|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726075419/https://books.google.com/books?id=EQd86Hwmj3kC&pg=PA118|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Latin America====
{{See also|Latin America|Monroe Doctrine|Manifest Destiny|Roosevelt Corollary|Banana Wars|Operation Condor|Latin America–United States relations}}
[[File:La fallera de l'oncle Sam.JPG|thumb|upright=1.5|A Spanish satirical drawing published in ''[[La Campana de Gràcia]]'' (1896) criticizing U.S. behavior regarding [[Captaincy General of Cuba|Cuba]] by [[:ca:Manuel Moliné i Muns|Manuel Moliné]], just prior to the [[Spanish–American War]]. Upper text reads (in old [[Catalan language|Catalan]]): "Uncle Sam's craving", and below: "To keep the island so it won't get lost."]]
Anti-Americanism in Latin America has deep roots and is a key element of the concept of Latin American identity, "specifically anti-U.S. expansionism and [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] [[anti-Protestantism]]."<ref>Mauricio Tenorio-Trillo, ''Latin America: The Allure and Power of an Idea''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 2017, p. 35.</ref> An 1828 exchange between [[William Henry Harrison]], the U.S. [[minister plenipotentiary]] rebuked President [[Simón Bolívar]] of [[Gran Colombia]], saying "...&nbsp;the strongest of all governments is that which is most free", calling on Bolívar to encourage the development of a [[democracy]]. In response, Bolívar wrote, "The United States&nbsp;... seem destined by Providence to plague America with torments in the name of freedom", a phrase that achieved fame in Latin America.<ref>{{Citation |last=Bolívar |first=Simón |editor=Bushnell, David |title=El Libertador: Writings of Simón Bolívar. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |pages=172–173 |url=http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon7/simon-bolivar-el-libertador-writings-of-simon-bolivar-david-bushnell-editor-1.pdf |access-date=March 12, 2019 |archive-date=27 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627213749/http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon7/simon-bolivar-el-libertador-writings-of-simon-bolivar-david-bushnell-editor-1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Tr-bigstick-cartoon.JPG|thumb|right|Cartoon depicting [[Theodore Roosevelt]]'s [[Big Stick ideology|Big Stick]] interventionism]]
The [[Spanish–American War]] of 1898, which escalated [[Cuban War of Independence|Cuba's war of independence]] from [[Spain]], turned the U.S. into a world power and made [[Cuba]] a [[protectorate]] of the United States via the [[Platt Amendment]] to the Cuban constitution and the [[Cuban–American Treaty of Relations (1903)|1903 Cuban–American Treaty of Relations]]. The U.S. action was consistent with the [[Big Stick ideology]] espoused by [[Theodore Roosevelt]]'s [[Roosevelt Corollary|corollary to the Monroe Doctrine]] that led to [[Banana Wars|numerous interventions]] in [[Central America]] and the [[Caribbean]], also prompted hatred of the U.S. in other regions of the Americas.<ref>Volker Skierka (2004) ''Fidel Castro A Biography''. Cambridge: Polity Press: 4</ref> A very influential formulation of Latin-American anti-Americanism, engendered by the 1898 war, was the Uruguayan journalist [[José Enrique Rodó]]'s essay ''Ariel'' (1900) in which the spiritual values of the South American [[Ariel (Shakespeare)|Ariel]] are contrasted to the brutish mass-culture of the American [[Caliban]]. This essay had enormous influence throughout [[Hispanic America|Spanish America]] in the 1910s and 1920s, and prompted resistance to what was seen as American [[cultural imperialism]].<ref>Edwin Williamson (1992) ''The Penguin History of Latin America'': 305</ref> Perceived racist attitudes of the White Anglo-Saxon Protestants of the North toward the [[Latin Americans|populations of Latin America]] also caused resentment.<ref>Thomas Skidmore and Peter Smith (1997) ''Modern Latin America''. Oxford University Press: 364–65</ref>

[[File:Anti usa demo brazil.jpg|thumb|Anti-U.S. banner in a demonstration in [[Brazil]], 27 January 2005]]
The Student Reform that began in the Argentine [[National University of Córdoba|University of Cordoba]] in 1918, boosted the idea of anti-imperialism throughout Latin America, and played a fundamental role for launching the concept that was to be developed over several generations. Already in 1920, the [[Federación Universitaria Argentina]] issued a manifesto entitled ''Denunciation of Imperialism''.<ref>The University Reform (1918–1930). Caracas (Venezuela): Biblioteca Ayacucho, 1978, p.&nbsp;29</ref>

Since the 1940s, [[Argentina–United States relations|U.S. relations with Argentina]] have been tense, when the U.S. feared the regime of [[Juan Perón|General Peron]] was too close to [[Nazi Germany]]. In 1954, American support for the [[1954 Guatemalan coup d'état]] against the democratically elected President [[Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán]] fueled anti-Americanism in the region.<ref name="Peter Winn 2006">Peter Winn (2006)'' Americas: The Changing Face of Latin America and the Caribbean''. University of California Press: 472, 478, 482</ref><ref name="George Pendle 1976">George Pendle (1976) ''A History of Latin America''. London: Penguin: 180-86</ref><ref name="Why the world loves to Hate America">{{cite news |work=Financial Times |last1=Naím |first1=Moisés |title=Why the world loves to hate America |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=872 |access-date=27 December 2021 |date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227024847/https://carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=872 |archive-date=February 27, 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> This [[CIA]]-sponsored coup prompted a former president of that country, [[Juan José Arévalo]] to write a fable entitled ''The Shark and the Sardines'' (1961) in which a predatory shark (representing the United States) overawes the sardines of Latin America.<ref name="hatingamerica"/>{{rp|114}}

Vice-President [[Richard Nixon]]'s tour of South America in 1958 prompted a spectacular eruption of anti-Americanism. The tour became the focus of violent protests which climaxed in [[Caracas]], [[Venezuela]] where Nixon [[Attack on Richard Nixon's motorcade|was almost killed by a raging mob as his motorcade drove from the airport to the city]].<ref name="pol">{{cite news|last1=Glass|first1=Andrew|title=Vice President Nixon's motorcade attacked in Venezuela, May 13, 1958|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2014/05/vice-president-nixons-motorcade-attacked-in-venezuela-may-13-1958-106584|access-date=March 13, 2017|work=[[Politico]]|date=May 13, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314153747/http://www.politico.com/story/2014/05/vice-president-nixons-motorcade-attacked-in-venezuela-may-13-1958-106584|archive-date=March 14, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In response, President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] assembled troops at [[Guantanamo Bay Naval Base|Guantanamo Bay]] and a fleet of battleships in the Caribbean to intervene to rescue Nixon if necessary.<ref name="glory">{{cite book |last=Manchester |first=William |author-link=William Manchester |title=[[The Glory and the Dream]]: A Narrative History of America |publisher=[[Bantam Books]] |location=New York |year=1984 |isbn=0-553-34589-3}}</ref>{{rp|826–34}}

[[Fidel Castro]], the late revolutionary leader of Cuba, tried throughout his career to co-ordinate long-standing Latin American resentments against the USA through military and propagandist means.<ref>George Anne Geyer (1991) ''Guerilla Prince: The Untold Story of Fidel Castro''. Little Brown and Company</ref><ref>Volker Skierka (2004) ''Fidel Castro A Biography''. Cambridge: Polity Press</ref> He was aided in this goal by the failed [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]] of Cuba in 1961, planned and implemented by the American government against his regime. This disaster damaged American credibility in the Americas and gave a boost to its critics worldwide.<ref name="glory"/>{{rp|893–907}} According to Rubin and Rubin, Castro's Second Declaration of [[Havana]], in February 1962, "constituted a declaration of war on the United States and the enshrinement of a new theory of anti-Americanism".<ref name="hatingamerica"/>{{rp|115}} Castro called America "a vulture...feeding on humanity".<ref name="glory"/>{{rp|862}} The [[United States embargo against Cuba]] maintained resentment and Castro's colleague, the famed revolutionary [[Che Guevara]], expressed his hopes during the [[Vietnam War]] of "creating a Second or a Third Vietnam" in the Latin American region against the designs of what he believed to be [[U.S. imperialism]].<ref>Edwin Williamson (1992) ''The Penguin History of Latin America'': 325</ref>

[[File:Che Guevara - Guerrillero Heroico by Alberto Korda.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Guerrillero Heroico]], [[Che Guevara]], one of the iconic images from the [[Cuban Revolution]] and more generally [[anti-imperialism]]. Photo by [[Alberto Korda]], 1961.]]
{{blockquote|The United States hastens the delivery of arms to the puppet governments they see as being increasingly threatened; it makes them sign pacts of dependence to legally facilitate the shipment of instruments of repression and death and of troops to use them.| [[Che Guevara]], 9 April 1961<ref>Cuba: [http://www.marxists.org/archive/guevara/1961/04/09.htm Historical Exception or Vanguard in the Anticolonial Struggle?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813172007/https://www.marxists.org/archive/guevara/1961/04/09.htm |date=13 August 2019 }} by Ernesto "Che" Guevara, Spoken: April 9, 1961</ref>}}

Many subsequent U.S. interventions against countries in the region, including democracies, and support for military dictatorships solidified Latin American anti-Americanism. These include the [[Operation Brother Sam|1964 Brazilian coup d'état]], the [[Dominican Civil War#U.S. intervention|1965–1966 occupation of the Dominican Republic]], the [[1971 Bolivian coup d'état|1971 Bolivian]] and [[1973 Chilean coup d'état|1973 Chilean]] coup d'états, [[Dirty War#United States involvement with the junta|U.S. involvement in Argentina's Dirty War]], [[U.S. involvement in Operation Condor]], the [[United States involvement in the Salvadoran Civil War|Salvadoran Civil War]], the support of the [[Contras#U.S. military and financial assistance|Contras]], the training of future military men, subsequently seen as war criminals, in the [[School of the Americas]], the refusal to extradite convicted terrorist [[Luis Posada Carriles]], and U.S. support for dictators such as Paraguayan [[Alfredo Stroessner]], Haitian [[François Duvalier]], and pre-1989 Panamanian [[Manuel Noriega]].<ref>{{cite news |title=CIA acknowledges involvement in Allende's overthrow, Pinochet's rise |work=CNN |date=19 September 2000 |url= http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/americas/09/19/us.cia.chile.ap/ |access-date=5 December 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071108203027/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/americas/09/19/us.cia.chile.ap/ |archive-date=8 November 2007}}</ref><ref name="Peter Winn 2006"/><ref name="George Pendle 1976"/><ref name="Why the world loves to Hate America"/>

Many Latin Americans perceived that [[neo-liberalism]] reforms were failures in the 1980s and 1990s and intensified their opposition to the [[Washington consensus]].<ref>BBC News. "How the US 'lost' Latin America". [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4861320.stm Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318045020/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4861320.stm |date=18 March 2009 }}. Retrieved 10 January 2007.</ref> This led to a resurgence in support for [[Pan-Americanism]], support for [[Popular front|popular movements]] in the region, the [[nationalization]] of key industries and [[Centralized government|centralization]] of government.<ref>Foreign Affairs. ''Latin America's Left Turn''. [http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20060501faessay85302/jorge-g-castaneda/latin-america-s-left-turn.html Online] {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080302030540/http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20060501faessay85302/jorge-g-castaneda/latin-america-s-left-turn.html |date=2 March 2008}}. Retrieved 10 January 2007.</ref> America's tightening of the economic embargo on Cuba in 1996 and 2004 also caused resentment amongst Latin American leaders and prompted them to use the [[Rio Group]] and the [[Madrid]]-based [[Ibero-American Summit]]s as meeting places rather than the United States-dominated [[Organization of American States|OAS]].<ref>Peter Winn (2006) ''Americas: The Changing Face of Latin America and the Caribbean''. University of California Press: 645</ref> This trend has been reinforced through the creation of a [[Latin American integration|series of regional political bodies]] such as [[Unasur]] and the [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean States]], and a strong opposition to the materialization of the Washington-sponsored [[Free Trade Area of the Americas]] at the 2005 [[4th Summit of the Americas]].

Polls compiled by the [[Chicago Council on Global Affairs]] showed in 2006 Argentine public opinion was quite negative regarding America's role in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Publics Reject US Role as the World Leader |work=The Chicago Council on Public Affairs |date=April 2007 |url= http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/pdf/apr07/CCGA+_ViewsUS_article.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130420044914/http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/pdf/apr07/CCGA+_ViewsUS_article.pdf |archive-date=20 April 2013 }}</ref> In 2007, 26% of Argentines had a favorable view of the American people, with 57% having an unfavorable view. Argentine public opinion of the United States and U.S. policies improved during the [[Obama administration]], and {{as of|2010|lc=y}} was divided about evenly (42% to 41%) between those who viewed these favorably or unfavorably. The ratio remained stable by 2013, with 38% of Argentines having a favorable view and 40% having an unfavorable view.<ref name="pew_2012">*{{cite web |title=Argentina: Opinion of Americans, of the United States (Unfavorable) – Indicators Database Global Attitudes Project |publisher=Pew Research Center, Pewglobal.org |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/?indicator=1&country=11 |year=2012 |access-date=4 April 2013 |archive-date=22 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130422043130/http://www.pewglobal.org/database/?indicator=1&country=11 |url-status=live }}
*{{cite web |title=Response: Unfavorable |publisher=Pew Research Center |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/2/country/11/response/Unfavorable/ |access-date=18 August 2014 |archive-date=11 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311005940/http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/2/country/11/response/Unfavorable/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Furthermore, the renewal of the concession for the U.S. military base in [[Manta, Ecuador]] was met by considerable criticism, derision, and even doubt by the supporters of such an expansion.<ref>Lawrence Reichard, [http://www.peaceworkmagazine.org/pwork/0112/011218.htm US Military Base in Ecuador Shrouded in Corruption] {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080908074543/http://www.peaceworkmagazine.org/pwork/0112/011218.htm |date=8 September 2008}}, [http://www.peaceworkmagazine.org PeaceWork magazine] {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081209072430/http://www.peaceworkmagazine.org/ |date=9 December 2008}}, Issue 391, December 2008 – January 2009.</ref> The near-war sparked by the [[2008 Andean diplomatic crisis]] was expressed by a high-level Ecuadorean military officer as being carried under American auspices. The officer said "a large proportion of senior officers," share "the conviction that the United States was an accomplice in the attack" (launched by the Colombian military on a [[FARC]] camp in Ecuador, near the Colombian border).<ref>Kintto Lucas, [http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=41687 ECUADOR: Manta Air Base Tied to Colombian Raid on FARC Camp] {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081018190828/http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=41687 |date=18 October 2008}}, [[Inter Press Service]].</ref> The Ecuadorean military retaliated by stating the 10-year lease on the base, which expired in November 2009, would not be renewed and that the U.S. military presence was expected to be scaled down starting three months before the expiration date.<ref>[http://www.coha.org/2008/08/after-the-lease-on-the-ecuadorian-military-base-at-manta-expires-where-will-the-us-turn-next/ After the Lease on the Ecuadorian Military Base at Manta Expires, Where Will the U.S. Turn Next?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029222646/http://www.coha.org/2008/08/after-the-lease-on-the-ecuadorian-military-base-at-manta-expires-where-will-the-us-turn-next/ |date=29 October 2008 }}, [http://www.coha.org/ Council of Hemispheric Affairs] .</ref>

=====Mexico=====
In the 1836 [[Texas Revolution]], the [[Mexican Texas|Mexican province of Texas]] seceded from [[Mexico]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Soto |first=Miguel |title=The Aftermath of War, A Legacy of the U.S.-Mexican War |publisher=Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México via PBS |date=14 March 2006 |url=https://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/aftermath/legacy.html |access-date=11 May 2012 |archive-date=18 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918142502/http://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/aftermath/legacy.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and nine years later, encouraged by the [[Monroe Doctrine]] and manifest destiny, the United States annexed the [[Republic of Texas]] - at its request, but against vehement opposition by Mexico, which refused to recognize the independence of Texas - and began their expansion into [[Western United States|Western North America]].<ref name="bazant">{{cite book |last=Bazant |first=Jan |title=A Concise History of Mexico: From Hidalgo to Cárdenas 1805–1940 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-521-29173-6}}</ref> {{rp|53–4, 57–8}} Mexican anti-American sentiment was further inflamed by the resulting 1846–1848 [[Mexican–American War]], in which Mexico lost more than half of its territory to the United States.<ref name="bazant"/>{{rp|57–8}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/aftermath/legacy.html |title=The Mexican-American War: Aftermath |publisher=Pbs.org |date=14 March 2006 |access-date=11 May 2012 |archive-date=18 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918142502/http://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/aftermath/legacy.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Chilean writer [[Francisco Bilbao]] predicted in ''America in Danger'' (1856) that the loss of Texas and northern Mexico to "the talons of the eagle" was just a foretaste of an American bid for world domination.<ref name="hatingamerica"/>{{rp|104}} An early exponent of the concept of Latin America, Bilbao excluded [[Brazil]] and [[Paraguay]] from it, as well as Mexico, because "Mexico lacked a real republican consciousness, precisely because of its complicated relationship with the United States."<ref>Tenorio-Trillo, ''Latin America'', p. 6.</ref> Interventions by the U.S. prompted a later ruler of Mexico, [[Porfirio Diaz]], to lament: "Poor Mexico, so far from God, and so close to the United States".<ref name="hatingamerica"/>{{rp|104}} Mexico's [[Museo Nacional de las Intervenciones|National Museum of Interventions]], opened in 1981, is a testament to Mexico's sense of grievance with the United States.<ref name="hatingamerica"/>{{rp|121}}

In Mexico during the regime of liberal [[Porfirio Díaz]] (1876-1911), policies favored foreign investment, especially American, who sought profits in agriculture, ranching, mining, industry, and infrastructure such as railroads. Their dominance in agriculture and their acquisition of vast tracts of land at the expense of Mexican small holders and indigenous communities was a cause for peasant mobilization in the [[Mexican Revolution]] (1910–20). The program of the [[Liberal Party of Mexico]] (1906), explicitly called for policies against foreign ownership in Mexico, with the slogan "Mexico for the Mexicans." [[Land reform in Mexico]] in the postrevolutionary period had a major impact on these U.S. holdings, where many were expropriated.<ref>Dwyer, John J. ''The Agrarian Dispute: The Expropriation of American-Owned Rural Land in Postrevolutionary Mexico''. Durham: Duke University Press 2008</ref><ref>Hart, John Mason. ''Empire and Revolution: The Americans in Mexico since the Civil War''. Berkeley: University of California Press 2002.</ref>

=====Venezuela=====
[[File:Antiimperialismo caracas.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Hugo Chávez strongholds in [[Caracas]] slums, Venezuela, often feature political murals with anti-U.S. messages.]]
Since the start of the [[Hugo Chávez]] administration, [[United States–Venezuela relations|relations between Venezuela and the United States]] deteriorated markedly, as Chávez became highly critical of the [[Foreign policy of the United States|U.S. foreign policy]]. Chávez was known for his anti-American rhetoric. In a speech at the UN General Assembly, Chávez said that Bush promoted "a false democracy of the elite" and a "democracy of bombs".<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/5365142.stm Chavez tells UN Bush is 'devil'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909170751/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/5365142.stm |date=9 September 2021 }}, BBC News, 10 September 2006.</ref> Chávez opposed the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|U.S.-led invasion of Iraq]] in 2003<ref>{{cite web |title=Venezuela's Chavez Says Iraq War Creates Uncertainty |publisher=China.org.cn |location=People's Republic of China |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/81082.htm |date=2003-11-28 |access-date=9 January 2019 |archive-date=17 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817234709/http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/81082.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and also condemned the [[2011 military intervention in Libya|NATO–led military intervention in Libya]], calling it an attempt by the West and the U.S. to control the oil in [[Libya]].<ref>{{cite news |last=James |first=Ian |title=Chavez, allies lead push for Libya mediation |agency=Associated Press |newspaper=Mercury News |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/breaking-news/ci_17615753 |date=14 March 2011}}{{Dead link|date=February 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

In 2015, the Obama administration signed an executive order which imposed targeted sanctions on seven Venezuelan officials whom the White House argued were instrumental in human rights violations, persecution of political opponents and significant public corruption and said that the country posed an "unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States."<ref>{{cite news |title=Seven Venezuelan officials targeted by US |publisher=BBC |date=10 March 2015 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-31804925 |ref=BBC |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-date=8 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908121641/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-31804925 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Nicolás Maduro]] responded to the sanctions in a couple of ways. He wrote an open letter in a full page ad in ''The New York Times'' in March 2015, stating that Venezuelans were "friends of the American people" and called President Obama's action of making targeted sanctions on the alleged human rights abusers a "unilateral and aggressive measure".<ref name="FOXson">{{cite news |title=Venezuelan president's son, Nicolas Maduro Jr., showered in dollar bills as economy collapses |publisher=[[Fox News Latino]] |location=United States |date=19 March 2015 |url= http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2015/03/19/venezuelan-president-son-nicolas-maduro-jr-showered-in-dollar-bills-as-economy/ |access-date=20 March 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150321054912/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2015/03/19/venezuelan-president-son-nicolas-maduro-jr-showered-in-dollar-bills-as-economy/ |archive-date=21 March 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Venezuela launches anti-American, in-your-face propaganda campaign in the U.S. |publisher=[[Fox News Latino]] |location=United States |date=18 March 2015 |url= http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2015/03/18/venezuela-launches-anti-american-in-your-face-propaganda-campaign-in-us/ |access-date=20 March 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150402175059/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2015/03/18/venezuela-launches-anti-american-in-your-face-propaganda-campaign-in-us/ |archive-date=2 April 2015 }}</ref> Examples of accusations of human rights abuses from the United States to Maduro's government included the murder of [[Luis Manuel Díaz]], a political activist, prior to legislative elections in Venezuela.<ref>{{cite news |title=Venezuela lashes U.S., opposition amid blame over activist's slaying |work=Reuters |date=27 November 2015 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-election-idUSKBN0TG1IB20151127 |access-date=30 November 2015 |archive-date=29 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151129124302/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/11/27/us-venezuela-election-idUSKBN0TG1IB20151127 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Maduro threatened to sue the United States over an executive order issued by the Obama Administration that declared Venezuela to be a threat to American security.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vyas |first=Kejal |title=Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro Says He Will Sue U.S. |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/venezuelan-president-nicolas-maduro-says-he-will-sue-u-s-1446164940 |access-date=30 November 2015 |issn=0099-9660 |archive-date=8 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908154959/https://www.wsj.com/articles/venezuelan-president-nicolas-maduro-says-he-will-sue-u-s-1446164940 |url-status=live }}</ref> He also planned to deliver 10 million signatures, denouncing the United States' decree declaring the situation in Venezuela an "extraordinary threat to US national security".<ref>{{cite web |title=Expresidentes iberoamericanos piden cambios en Venezuela |language=es |work=Panamá América |date=6 April 2015 |url=http://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/mundo/expresidentes-iberoamericanos-piden-cambios-en-venezuela-971211 |access-date=27 April 2016 |archive-date=22 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322035707/https://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/mundo/expresidentes-iberoamericanos-piden-cambios-en-venezuela-971211 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="GPsanctions">{{cite news |last1=Tegel |first1=Simeon |title=Venezuela's Maduro is racing to collect 10 million signatures against Obama |work=[[GlobalPost]] |date=2 April 2015 |url=http://www.globalpost.com/article/6505442/2015/04/02/venezuela-maduro-petition-obama |access-date=6 April 2015 |archive-date=27 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527193840/http://www.globalpost.com/article/6505442/2015/04/02/venezuela-maduro-petition-obama |url-status=live }}</ref> and ordered all schools in the country to hold an "anti-imperialist day" against the United States with the day's activities including the "collection of the signatures of the students, and teaching, administrative, maintenance and cooking personnel".<ref name="GPsanctions" /> Maduro further ordered state workers to apply their signatures in protest, with some workers reporting that firings of state workers occurred due to their rejection of signing the executive order protesting the "Obama decree".<ref name="GPsanctions" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Trabajadores petroleros que no firmen contra el decreto Obama serán despedidos |date=31 March 2015 |language=es |publisher=Diario las Americas |url=http://www.diariolasamericas.com/4848_venezuela/3027321_trabajadores-petroleros-firmen-decreto-obama-despedidos.html |access-date=27 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160720195602/http://www.diariolasamericas.com/4848_venezuela/3027321_trabajadores-petroleros-firmen-decreto-obama-despedidos.html |archive-date=20 July 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Despiden a dos trabajadores de Corpozulia por negarse a firmar contra decreto Obama |language=es |publisher=La Patilla |date=2015-04-01 |url=http://www.lapatilla.com/site/2015/04/01/despiden-a-dos-trabajadores-de-corpozulia-por-negarse-a-firmar-contra-decreto-obama/ |access-date=27 April 2016 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010132911/https://www.lapatilla.com/site/2015/04/01/despiden-a-dos-trabajadores-de-corpozulia-por-negarse-a-firmar-contra-decreto-obama/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Confirman despido de dos trabajadores de Corpozulia por no firmar contra decreto Obama |language=es |publisher=El Propio |url= http://www.elpropio.com/actualidad/Confirman-trabajadores-Corporzulia-decreto-Obama_0_711528845.html |access-date=27 April 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185804/http://www.elpropio.com/actualidad/Confirman-trabajadores-Corporzulia-decreto-Obama_0_711528845.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Denuncian despidos por negarse a firmar contra decreto Obama |language=es |work=Diario El Vistazo |url=http://diarioelvistazo.com/tag/denuncian-despidos-por-negarse-a-firmar-contra-decreto-obama/ |access-date=27 April 2016 |archive-date=8 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908155122/https://diarioelvistazo.com/tag/denuncian-despidos-por-negarse-a-firmar-contra-decreto-obama/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Martín |first=Sabrina |title=Bajo amenazas, chavismo recolecta firmas contra Obama en Venezuela |language=es |work=PanAm Post |date=2015-03-26 |url=http://es.panampost.com/sabrina-martin/2015/03/26/bajo-amenazas-chavismo-recolecta-firmas-contra-obama-en-venezuela/ |access-date=27 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412171207/http://es.panampost.com/sabrina-martin/2015/03/26/bajo-amenazas-chavismo-recolecta-firmas-contra-obama-en-venezuela/ |archive-date=12 April 2015 }}</ref> There were also reports that members of [[Venezuelan armed forces]] and their families were ordered to sign against the United States decree.<ref name="GPsanctions" />

==== Canada ====
{{See also|Canada–United States relations#Anti-Americanism|label 1=Canada–United States relations}}
[[File:Tory Refugees by Howard Pyle.jpg|thumb|upright|Depiction of [[United Empire Loyalist|Loyalist]] refugees on their way to [[the Canadas]] during the [[American Revolution]]. Loyalist refugees who migrated to the Canadas helped foster anti-American sentiment after the Revolution.]]
Anti-Americanism in Canada is often considered unique. Historians like [[J. L. Granatstein]] argue that no other political community has sustained such a deeply entrenched tradition of anti-American sentiment, while [[Frank Underhill]] noted how Canada holds the "world record as the oldest continuing anti-Americans," when speaking of its longevity.<ref name=nossal>{{cite web|url=https://cps.ceu.edu/sites/cps.ceu.edu/files/cps-working-paper-antiamericanism-in-canada-2005.pdf|title=Anti-Americanism in Canada|publisher=Centre for Policy Study, Central European University|year=2005|last=Nossal|first=Kim Richard}}</ref><ref name=doran>{{cite journal|last1=Doran|first1=Charles F.|last2=Sewell|first2=James Patrick|title=Anti-Americanism in Canada?|journal=The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science|pages=105–119|year=1988|volume=497 |doi=10.1177/0002716288497001009}}</ref> Political scientist [[Kim Richard Nossal]] highlights the role of the [[national myth]] pushed by [[United Empire Loyalists|Loyalist]] refugees who migrated north as a result of the [[American Revolution]], who portrayed Canada as a community founded on a conscious rejection of the United States. Anti-American sentiment became more entrenched through generations of Canadian-U.S. disputes.<ref name=nossal/> 

Granatstein further asserts that Canadian anti-Americanism is unique, not only for its long history but also for its relatively benign nature compared to other regions.<ref name=nossal/> As Canadians are within U.S. television and radio broadcast range, their anti-American rhetoric is often shaped by public opinion rather than political elites. Consequently, anti-Americanism in [[English Canada]] tends to be defined by a desire to differentiate from Americans,<ref name=bbow>{{cite journal|last=Bow|first=Brian|year=2008|volume=38|issue=3|pages=341–359|title=Anti-Americanism in Canada, Before and After Iraq|doi=10.1080/02722010809481718|journal=American Review of Canadian Studies}}</ref> with common caricatures often based on half-truths or truths lacking context, and which often reflected public opinion that exists in certain U.S. sectors as well.<ref name=doran/>  

This benign form of anti-Americanism rarely leads to confrontation or calls for radical decoupling from the U.S.<ref name=bbow/> It is often restrained by shared culture, language, and heritage,<ref name=bdaniels/> manifesting instead as a sense of estrangement and mistrust or as an outlet for feelings of insecurity and hostility against the U.S.<ref name=bbow/><ref>{{cite journal|title=Anti-Americanism and Its Correlates|last1=Cullen|first1=Dallas|first2=J. D.|last2=Jobson|last3=Schneck|first3=Rodney|journal=The Canadian Journal of Sociology|pages=116–117|volume=3|issue=1|year=1978|doi=10.2307/3339796|jstor=3339796 }}</ref> This sentiment tends to focus on the U.S. government and its policies rather than the American people. Canadians generally view Americans positively, but hold more negative opinions of U.S. leaders and policies.<ref name=nossal/>
[[File:Uncle Sam kicked out.png|thumb|upright|left|A 1869 Canadian political cartoon shows a young Canada kicking out Uncle Sam. Anti-Americanism in Canada often stems from concerns about U.S. influence and encroachment.]]
Historian Bruce C. Daniels suggests that the long-standing dynamic between Canadians and Americans has fostered an "invasion mentality" in Canada, with Canadians initially viewing the U.S. as a military threat and later as an economic and cultural one.<ref name=bdaniels>{{cite journal|title=Learning to Live with "Britain's Eldest Daughter": Anti-Americanism in Canada and Australia|journal=Journal of American and Comparative Cultures|last=Daniels|first=Bruce C.|volume=25|issue=1/2|pages=172–180|year=2002|doi=10.1111/1542-734X.00026 |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/b2d68a7146f9df7a5568794e84f47538/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=29587|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Modern Canadian anti-Americanism is rooted in a mix of tangible nationalistic concerns over American influence and encroachment and intangible negative evaluations of American society in contrast to [[Canadian values]]. Historian [[Reginald C. Stuart]] identified five types of Canadian anti-Americanism that arises from disagreements with the U.S., including policy, anti-[[unilateralism]], ideological, nationalistic, and partisan.<ref name=wilsoncanada>{{cite web|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/canadian-anti-americanism-and-after-911|title=Canadian Anti-Americanism: Before and After 9/11|date=22 May 2003|publisher=The Wilson Center|access-date=18 January 2025|last1=Biette|first1=David|last2=Bowles|first2=Stefanie|website=www.wilsoncenter.org}}</ref> The latter is a political strategy Canadian politicians have used to rally support against perceived external threats.<ref name=wilsoncanada/><ref name=doran/>

The paradox of Canadian anti-Americanism lies in Canada's simultaneous embrace of U.S. economic and cultural influence, and its persistent rejection of "[[American republicanism]]" as an "inappropriate means of governance" and viewing the U.S. as a threat to its identity and [[Canadian sovereignty|sovereignty]]. As Nossal argues, this creates a distinct form of anti-Americanism, different from European anti-American forms identified by James W. Ceaser, Paul Hollander, and [[Adam Garfinkle]].<ref name=nossal/>

Anti-Americanism also varies across Canada. Anti-Americanism in [[French Canada]] aligns more with anti-Americanism in Europe as opposed to the forms found in English Canada.<ref name=bbow/> The degree of anti-Americanism also differs in Canada, with Lydia Miljan and [[Barry Cooper (political scientist)|Barry Cooper]] highlighting how the Loyalist heartland of [[southern Ontario]] embraced an anti-American "[[garrison mentality]]", while the formative mythos of provinces like [[Alberta]] and [[Newfoundland and Labrador]] place no significance to emotional anti-Americanism.<ref name=cbcfraser>{{cite web|url=https://www.fraserinstitute.org/sites/default/files/GarrisonMentalityAntiAmericanism.pdf|title=The Canadian "Garrison Mentality" and Anti-Americanism at the CBC|publisher=The Fraser Institute|work=Studies in Defence & Foreign Policy|last1=Miljan|first1=Lydia|last2=Cooper|first2=Barry|issue=4|year=2005}}</ref> 

=====History of anti-Americanism in Canada=====
Before the American Revolution, colonists in [[British America]]—including the [[Thirteen Colonies]], [[Newfoundland Colony|Newfoundland]], [[Nova Scotia]], and [[Rupert's Land]]—and [[New France]]—including [[Canada (New France)|Canada]], [[Acadia]], and [[Louisiana (New France)|Louisiana]]—engaged in [[French and Indian Wars|four major conflicts]], culminating in the British [[conquest of New France]] in 1760.<ref name=bdaniels/> However, British America fragmented decades later after the [[Province of Quebec (1763–1791)|Province of Quebec]] declined to send delegates to the [[Second Continental Congress]], the American [[Invasion of Quebec (1775)|invasion of Quebec]] failed, and the [[United Colonies]] declared independence from the British Empire.<ref name=nossal/> After the revolution, the British encouraged anti-American sentiment in [[British North America]] to discourage any inclination toward joining the United States.<ref name=reawakenedwilson>{{cite web|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/three-furies-reawakened-canada|title=Three Furies Reawakened in Canada|last=Sands|first=Christopher|date=11 March 2025|access-date=12 April 2025|website=www.wilsoncenter.org|publisher=The Wilson Center}}</ref>

While Quebec and Nova Scotia's inhabitants were primarily neutral, the influx of loyalist refugees from the war brought a population deeply loyal to the Crown and antagonistic to the American political regime that displaced them. This fostered a political community that rejected the American republic in favor of a constitutional monarchical system that evolved from 1774, laying the foundation for Canada's unique constitutional evolution and distinct anti-Americanism not seen elsewhere in the international system.<ref name=nossal/>
[[File:UncleSam.gif|thumb|left|A 1870 Canadian political cartoon depicts Uncle Sam watching "his boys," with Canada in the background. Anti-American Canadian rhetoric of the time often depicted the US as chaotic in contrast to Canada.]]
Loyalists who sought refuge in Canada brought with them negative views of the new US republic, depicting it as a chaotic land of republican anarchy dominated by money, [[mob rule]], and violence.<ref name=nossal/> This ideological opposition contributed to a national mythology that Canada was formed through the rejection of the American republic. Historians [[Norman Hillmer]] and Granatstein observed that the Loyalist population exhibited a "fanatical" determination to ensure Canada remained distinct from the US. While anti-Americanism in Canada from the mid-19th century to 1989 was largely economic, the loyalist narrative continues to influence Canadian views,<ref name=nossal/> with a 2005 Pew Research Center poll revealing Canadians were more likely than other Western respondents to describe Americans as violent and rude.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2005/06/23/us-image-up-slightly-but-still-negative/|website=www.pewresearch.org|publisher=Pew Research Center|title=U.S. Image Up Slightly, But Still Negative|date=23 June 2005|access-date=19 January 2025}}</ref>

Until the mid-19th century, anti-Americanism in Canada stemmed from fears of US expansionism and its promotion of manifest destiny.<ref name=nossal/><ref name=bbow/> The US Army's actions in [[Upper Canada]] during the [[War of 1812]] fuelled "deep prejudice against the United States," in the colony after the conflict.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Routledge Handbook of American Military and Diplomatic History: The Colonial Period to 1877|publisher=Routledge|year=2014|isbn=978-1-3178-1335-4|page=196|last1=Frentzos|first1=Christos G.|last2=Thompson|first2=Antonio S.}}</ref> The [[Rebellions of 1837–1838|1837–1838 rebellions]], which involved pro-American elements and American volunteers, intensified these fears, leading to assaults on Americans in the Canadas.<ref name=nossal/><ref name=bdaniels/> Anti-American sentiment during this period contributed to the union of the [[Province of Canada]] with Nova Scotia and [[New Brunswick]] to form [[Canadian Confederation]] in 1867.<ref name=nossal/>
[[File:JackCanuckOYes.jpg|thumb|An early 20th century Canadian political cartoon depicting [[Johnny Canuck]] suspicious of Uncle Sam, US President [[William Taft]], and US business interests.]]
From the end of the [[Fenian Raids]] in 1871 to the signing of the [[Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement]] (CUSFTA) in 1989, anti-Americanism in Canada was primarily driven by opposition to deeper economic integration with the US, as fears of military invasion had largely subsided. Granatstein argues that Canadian business interests, initially opposed to free trade, fuelled economic anti-Americanism until 1988. This sentiment played a pivotal role in the [[1911 Canadian federal election]], where [[Wilfrid Laurier]]'s pro-free trade Liberals were defeated afer the Conservative Party stoked anti-American fears. This helped legitimizing economic anti-Americanism in Canadian politics until the 1980s.<ref name=nossal/>  

Economic anti-Americanism also spurred broader cultural anti-Americanism,<ref name=nossal/> as seen in the [[1891 Canadian federal election|1891 Canadian federal election]]. While the election focused explicitly on issues of free trade with the US, its underlying concerns, and the subsequent Conservative victory, reflected a wider rejection of American influence and an English Canada that to "desperately wanted remain to British."<ref>{{cite journal|title=Defining "Canadian": Anti-Americanism and Identity in Sir John A. Macdonald's Nationalism|pages=65–66|journal=Journal of Canadian Studies|issue=2|volume=36|year=2001|publisher=University of Toronto Press|last=Wood|first=Patricia K.|doi=10.3138/jcs.36.2.49}}</ref> Cultural anti-Americanism also influenced [[Canadian English]], as Canadians favoured the use of Briticisms over American lexicon especially during periods of heightened tension with the US, such as during the Vietnam War.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.queensu.ca/strathy/sites/stratwww/files/uploaded_files/publications/volume7/Borden-Erath-Yang-WP7.pdf|title=The Impact of Anti-American Sentiment on Canadian English|last1=Borden|first1=Alison|last2=Erath|first2=Alexandra|last3=Yang|first3=Julie|publisher=Queen's University|journal=Strathy Undergraduate Working Papers on Canadian English|volume=7|year=2009|page=6}}</ref>

Efforts by Canadian artists and cultural figures to assert a distinct national identity sometimes veered into cultural chauvinism, contributing to popular anti-American sentiment within the country.<ref name=reawakenedwilson/> Early 20th-century Canadian intellectuals like [[Harold Innis]], [[Donald Creighton]] and [[George Grant (philosopher)|George Grant]] criticized US values of progress, technology, and mass culture, contrasting them with Canada's traditions of order and harmony.<ref>{{cite book|title=Prejudice and Pride: Canadian Intellectuals Confront the United States, 1891-1945|year=2011|isbn=9781442685420|page=16|publisher=University of Toronto Press|last=Belanger|first=Damien-Claude}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Changing Concepts of Time|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=0742528189|first=Harold A.|last=Innis|year=2004|page=1314}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://nationalpost.com/opinion/robert-fulford-remembering-canadas-golden-era-of-anti-americanism|title=Remembering Canada's golden era of anti-Americanism|last=Fulford|first=Robert|date=29 June 2013|access-date=18 January 2025|website=nationalpost.com|publisher=Postmedia Network}}</ref>

The political shift away from economic anti-Americanism came in the 1980s, as Canadian businesses began to support free trade, leading to CUSFTA. By the 1990s, economic anti-Americanism had largely faded, with Granatstein arguing that economic integration made "othering" the Americans less persuasive.<ref name=reawakenedwilson/> However, Nossal argues that a milder form persists as an attenuated device that "Canadians will employ to differentiate themselves from [the US]". This subdued anti-Americanism has been leveraged by politicians, particularly [[Jean Chrétien]]'s Liberal Party from 1993 to 2003, and to a lesser extent by [[Paul Martin]].<ref name=nossal/> Its use was particular successful for the party in its constituencies in Ontario.<ref name=bbow/> 

[[John Herd Thompson]] and [[Stephen Randall (political scientist)|Stephen Randall]] have noted that anti-American sentiment continued to nourish Canadian identity into the early 21st century.<ref>{{cite book|title=Canada and the United States: Ambivalent Allies|page=310|publisher=University of Georgia Press|last1=Thompson|first1=John Herd|last2=Randall|first2=Stephen J.|year=2002|isbn=0820324035}}</ref> However, Stuart argues that after the September 11 attacks, anti-Americanism in Canada diminished as "non-Americanism" became less central to the country's identity and as Canadians' social and cultural outlooks continued to diverge from those of the US.<ref name=wilsoncanada/> 

A [[Fraser Institute]] study of [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] coverage from 2001 to 2002 found it overwhelmingly critical of US policies and actions, suggesting it exacerbated anti-American sentiment.<ref name=cbcfraser/> Anti-American sentiment on Canadian television was noted by US diplomats cables leaked in the [[U.S. diplomatic cables leak|2008 US diplomatic cables leak]], where they noted that although anti-American sentiment wasn't a "public diplomatic crisis," it was indicative of the "insidious negative popular stereotyping" the US increasingly faced in Canada.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/cbc-shows-anti-u-s-melodrama-wikileaks-1.902016|title=CBC shows anti-U.S. 'melodrama':WikiLeaks|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=13 March 2021|website=www.cbc.ca|archive-date=8 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908121327/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/cbc-shows-anti-u-s-melodrama-wikileaks-1.902016|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:MG 7786 (31939663183).jpg|thumb|upright|A demonstrator in Toronto holds up an anti-Trump sign in February 2016]]
Anti-American sentiment in Canada rose during the [[first presidency of Donald Trump]]. In 2017, Pew Research reported that 30% of Canadians viewed Americans negatively, and 58% opposed the spread of American ideas and customs.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|date=2017-06-26|title=The tarnished American brand|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2017/06/26/tarnished-american-brand/|access-date=2019-12-08|website=Pew Research Center|page=2|archive-date=25 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725003532/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2017/06/26/tarnished-american-brand/|url-status=live}}</ref> By 2018, dissatisfaction hit historic levels, with 56% expressing negative views of the US, spurred by Trump’s inflammatory comments and tariffs on Canada.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2018/10/01/americas-international-image-continues-to-suffer/ |title=America's international image continues to suffer |date=2018-10-01 |website=Pew Research Center |access-date=2019-02-17 |archive-date=31 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331131841/https://www.pewglobal.org/2018/10/01/americas-international-image-continues-to-suffer/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This discontent led to organized boycotts of American goods and tourism.<ref>{{cite news |last=Northam |first=Jackie |date=2018-06-28 |title='Canadians Are Livid' About Trump And Are Hitting Back By Boycotting U.S. Goods |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/06/28/623518328/canadians-are-livid-about-trump-and-are-hitting-back-by-boycotting-u-s-goods |work=National Public Radio |access-date=2019-02-17 |archive-date=8 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908121638/https://www.npr.org/2018/06/28/623518328/canadians-are-livid-about-trump-and-are-hitting-back-by-boycotting-u-s-goods |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Moore |first=Lela |date=2018-07-11 |title=Angry About Tariffs and Insults, Canadians Vow to Boycott U.S. Goods and Travel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/11/reader-center/canadians-boycott-us.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=2019-02-17 |archive-date=8 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908160508/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/11/reader-center/canadians-boycott-us.html |url-status=live }}</ref> 

Anti-Americanism also increased during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], with isolated incidents of vandalism and harassment targeting Americans in Canada taking place in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gen.medium.com/even-canadians-think-americans-are-toxic-697e119bd102|title=Even Canadians Think Americans Are Toxic|first=Stephen|last=Marche|date=10 September 2020|website=gen.medium.com|publisher=Medium|access-date=18 January 2025}}</ref>

On February 1, 2025, Trump signed an executive order imposing [[Second Trump tariffs|25% tariffs on Canada and Mexico]], prompting Canada to announce retaliatory tariffs and product removals, triggering the [[2025 United States trade war with Canada and Mexico]]. In the days that followed, Canadian fans at multiple sporting events featuring Canadian and American teams booed the American anthem in protest.<ref>{{cite news |last1=The Canadian Press |date=February 2, 2025 |title=Raptors fans become latest to boo American national anthem as trade war heats up |url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/fans-booing-american-national-anthem-1.7448603 |access-date=February 3, 2025 |work=[[CBC News]] |language=en |author1-link=The Canadian Press }}</ref><ref name=canadaboycott>{{cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250203-with-boos-and-boycotts-canadians-voice-displeasure-with-trump|title=With boos and boycotts, Canadians voice displeasure with Trump|work=france24.com|publisher=France 24|date=February 3, 2025|access-date=February 3, 2025}}</ref> A movement to boycott American goods emerged in Canada as a protest against the tariffs.<ref name=canadaboycott/> 

The repeated tariffs and annexation threats from Trump led to a surge in nationalistic, anti-American sentiment in Canada, influencing the [[2025 Canadian federal election|2025 federal election]], where the Liberal Party campaigned on an anti-Trump platform.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2025/04/canadas-anti-trump-election/|title=Canada’s Anti-Trump Election|date=29 April 2025|access-date=4 May 2025|website=www.nationalreview.com|publisher=National Review}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/politics/410854/canada-election-results-mark-carney-pierre-poilievre-donald-trump|title=How Trump lost Canada|first=Zack|last=Beauchamp|access-date=4 May 2025|date=29 April 2025|publisher=Vox Media|website=www.vox.com}}</ref> Political scientist Guy Lachapelle observed that the 2025 surge in anti-American sentiment and the boycott of American goods was "not so much against the United States, but more towards the American president."<ref name=canadaboycott/> However, Christopher Sands, the director of the [[Canada Institute]] has stated that the dispute has reawakened Canadian anti-Americanism, and will remain salient long after the trade war is over.<ref name=reawakenedwilson/>