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Goal setting
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===General action and inaction goals=== Action goals encourage people to engage in more active behaviors, whereas inactive goals tend to result as inactive behaviors.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Albarracin |first1=Dolores |last2=Hepler |first2=Justin |last3=Tannenbaum |first3=Melanie |date=2011-04-01 |title=General Action and Inaction Goals: Their Behavioral, Cognitive, and Affective Origins and Influences |journal=Current Directions in Psychological Science |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=119β123 |doi=10.1177/0963721411402666 |issn=0963-7214 |pmc=3678837 |pmid=23766569}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Gupta|first=Rakesh|title=Education Technology in Physical Education and Sports|publisher=Friends Publications (India)|date=May 19, 2021|isbn=978-93-90649-80-8|location=India|pages=31}}</ref> Common action goals can be to do something, perform a certain act, or to go someplace, whereas typical inaction goals can take the form of having a rest or to stop doing something. Goal-regulated overall activity and inactivity tendency result from both biological conditions and social-cultural environment.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hepler |first1=Justin |last2=Albarracin |first2=Dolores |last3=McCulloch |first3=Kathleen C. |last4=Noguchi |first4=Kenji |date=December 2012 |title=Being active and impulsive: the role of goals for action and inaction in self-control |journal=Motivation and Emotion |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=416β424 |doi=10.1007/s11031-011-9263-4 |pmc=3678776 |pmid=23766548}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=December 2015}} Recent research revealed that most nations hold more favorable attitude towards action rather than inaction, even though some countries value action and inaction slightly differently than others.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zell |first1=Ethan |last2=Su |first2=Rong |last3=Li |first3=Hong |last4=Ho |first4=Moon-Ho Ringo |last5=Hong |first5=Sungjin |last6=Kumkale |first6=Tarcan |last7=Stauffer |first7=Sarah D. |last8=Zecca |first8=Gregory |last9=Cai |first9=Huajian |last10=Roccas |first10=Sonia |date=September 2013 |title=Cultural differences in attitudes toward action and inaction: the role of dialecticism |journal=[[Social Psychological and Personality Science]] |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=521β528 |doi=10.1177/1948550612468774|pmid=30147848 |pmc=6103533 }}</ref> Recent research suggested that people tend to choose inaction goals when they are making decisions among choices where uncertainty could result in negative outcomes, but they prefer action over inaction in their daily behaviors when no deliberation is needed.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Byrne |first1=Ruth M. J. |last2=McEleney |first2=Alice |date=September 2000 |title=Counterfactual thinking about actions and failures to act |journal=[[Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition]] |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=1318β1331 |doi=10.1037/0278-7393.26.5.1318 |url=http://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/22860594.pdf |pmid=11009260}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Roese |first1=Neal J. |last2=Hur |first2=Taekyun |last3=Pennington |first3=Ginger L. |date=December 1999 |title=Counterfactual thinking and regulatory focus: implications for action versus inaction and sufficiency versus necessity |journal=[[Journal of Personality and Social Psychology]] |volume=77 |issue=6 |pages=1109β1120 |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1109 |pmid=10626366}}</ref> [[Timothy D. Wilson]] and colleagues found that many people "preferred to administer electric shocks to themselves instead of being left alone with their thoughts".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=Timothy D. |author-link1=Timothy D. Wilson |last2=Reinhard |first2=David A. |last3=Westgate |first3=Erin C. |last4=Gilbert |first4=Daniel T. |last5=Ellerbeck |first5=Nicole |last6=Hahn |first6=Cheryl |last7=Brown |first7=Casey L. |last8=Shaked |first8=Adi |date=July 2014 |title=Just think: the challenges of the disengaged mind |journal=Science |volume=345 |issue=6192 |pages=75β77 |doi=10.1126/science.1250830 |pmc=4330241 |pmid=24994650|bibcode=2014Sci...345...75W }}</ref>
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