Editing Modafinil (section)

===Cognitive enhancement===
A 2019 review conducted on the potential nootropic effects of modafinil in healthy, non-sleep-deprived individuals revealed the following:<ref name="pmid31433334">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kredlow MA, Keshishian A, Oppenheimer S, Otto MW | title = The Efficacy of Modafinil as a Cognitive Enhancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis | journal = Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology | volume = 39 | issue = 5 | pages = 455–461 | date = 2019 | pmid = 31433334 | doi = 10.1097/JCP.0000000000001085 | s2cid = 201119084 }}</ref> a) while studies using basic testing paradigms demonstrated that modafinil enhances [[executive function]], only half of these studies showed improvements in attention, learning, and memory, with a few studies even reporting impairments in divergent creative thinking; b) modafinil displayed small levels of enhancement in attention, executive functions, and learning abilities; c) no substantial side effects or mood changes were observed; d) the available evidence showed limited evidence for modafinil as a cognitive enhancer outside of its use for sleep-deprived populations.

A 2020 review reported that modafinil has a modest effect on memory updating, but the effect is small and may not accurately reflect the perception that it is useful as a cognitive enhancer, as there is insufficient evidence to support such a claim.<ref name="pmid32709551">{{cite journal | vauthors = Roberts CA, Jones A, Sumnall H, Gage SH, Montgomery C | title = How effective are pharmaceuticals for cognitive enhancement in healthy adults? A series of meta-analyses of cognitive performance during acute administration of modafinil, methylphenidate and D-amphetamine | journal = European Neuropsychopharmacology | volume = 38 | pages = 40–62 | date = September 2020 | pmid = 32709551 | doi = 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.07.002 | url = https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/13268/8/How%20effective%20are%20pharmaceuticals%20for%20cognitive%20enhancement%20in%20healthy%20adults%20A%20series%20of%20meta-analyses%20of%20cognitive%20performance%20during%20acute%20administration%20of%20modafinil%2C%20methylphenidate%20and%20d-amphetamine..pdf | url-status = live | s2cid = 220651670 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220220101717/https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/13268/8/How%20effective%20are%20pharmaceuticals%20for%20cognitive%20enhancement%20in%20healthy%20adults%20A%20series%20of%20meta-analyses%20of%20cognitive%20performance%20during%20acute%20administration%20of%20modafinil%2C%20methylphenidate%20and%20d-amphetamine..pdf | archive-date = February 20, 2022 }}</ref>