Editing Multiculturalism (section)

===Australia===
{{Main|Multiculturalism in Australia}}
The next country to adopt an official policy of multiculturalism after Canada was [[Australia]], a country with similar immigration situations and similar policies - for example, the formation of the [[Special Broadcasting Service]].<ref name="immi.gov.au">{{cite web |url=http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/research/_pdf/poa-2008.pdf |title=IMMI.gov.au |access-date= 10 December 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081209074027/http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/research/_pdf/poa-2008.pdf |archive-date= 9 December 2008 |url-status= dead }}</ref> The [[Australian Government]] retains multiculturalism in policy and as a defining aspect of modern Australia.<ref name="Reference"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="policy"/><ref name="hon-tony"/>

[[File:Chinatown Sydney.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|[[Chinatown, Sydney|Sydney's Chinatown]]]]
The [[White Australia Policy]] was dismantled after [[World War II]] by various changes to [[Immigration to Australia| immigration policy]], although the official policy of multiculturalism was not formally introduced until 1972.<ref name="GalliganRavenhill1997">{{cite book |author1=Brian Galligan |author2=John Ravenhill |title=New developments in Australian politics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFUm9uiS5akC&pg=PA13 |date=15 June 1997 |publisher=Macmillan Education AU |isbn=978-0-7329-4304-2 |page=13}}</ref> The election of [[Howard government|John Howard's Liberal-National Coalition]] government in 1996 was a major watershed for Australian multiculturalism. [[John Howard|Howard]] had long been a critic of multiculturalism, releasing his [[One Australia policy]] in the late 1980s.<ref name="Cornelius2004">{{cite book |author=Wayne A. Cornelius |title=Controlling immigration: a global perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i0d10wbGkWEC&pg=PA143 |year=2004|publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-4490-4 |page=143}}</ref> ''[[A Practical Reference to Religious Diversity for Operational Police and Emergency Services]]'', first published in 1999, was a publication of the [[Australasian Police Multicultural Advisory Bureau]] designed to offer guidance to police and emergency services personnel on how [[religious affiliation]] can affect their contact with the public.<ref>{{cite web|title=Document Details|work=Abstract Database|publisher=US National Criminal Justice Reference Service|url=http://www.ncjrs.gov/App/abstractdb/AbstractDBDetails.aspx?id=183016|access-date=28 April 2010}}</ref><ref name="dunn">{{Cite journal|last=Dunn|first=Andy|title=Two-Way Tolerance|journal=Police Journal Online|volume=81|issue=6|date=June 2000|url=http://www.policejournalsa.org.au/0006/17a.html|access-date=27 April 2010|archive-date=28 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090928055931/http://policejournalsa.org.au/0006/17a.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Chilana|first=Rajwant Singh|title=International bibliography of Sikh studies|publisher=Springer|year=2005|page=444|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wEX-98eVyBcC&pg=PA444|isbn=978-1-4020-3043-7}}</ref> The first edition covered [[Buddhist]], [[Hindu]], [[Islamic]], [[Jewish]] and [[Sikh]] faiths, with participation of representatives of the various [[religions]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Practical Reference to Religious Diversity for Operational Police|publisher=National Police Ethnic Advisory Bureau |edition=1st |year=1999 |url=http://www.apmab.gov.au/guide/religious/religious.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030316104007/http://www.apmab.gov.au/guide/religious/religious.pdf|archive-date=16 March 2003}}</ref> The second edition, published in 2002, added [[Christian]], [[Aboriginal Australians|Aboriginal]] and [[Torres Strait Islander]] religions and the [[Baháʼí Faith]] to the list of religions.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Practical Reference to Religious Diversity for Operational Police|publisher=Australasian Police Multicultural Advisory Bureau |edition=2nd |year=2002 |url=http://www.apmab.gov.au/guide/religious2/religious_guide.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050619070219/http://www.apmab.gov.au/guide/religious2/religious_guide.pdf|archive-date=19 June 2005}}</ref>

Contact between people of different cultures in Australia has been characterised by tolerance and engagement, but have also occasionally resulted in conflict and rifts.<ref>{{Cite journal |url = http://www.hawaii.edu/hivandaids/Racism,_Ethnicity_and_Hate_Crime.pdf |last1 = White |first1 = Rob |last2 = Perrone |first2 = Santina |year = 2001 |title = Racism, Ethnicity and Hate Crime |journal = Communal/Plural |volume = 9 |issue = 2 |pages = 161–81 |access-date = 18 August 2012 |doi = 10.1080/13207870120081479 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100705040633/http://www.hawaii.edu/hivandaids/Racism,_Ethnicity_and_Hate_Crime.pdf |archive-date = 5 July 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title = Hate Speech and Freedom of Speech in Australia |chapter = The Volatility of Racism in Australia |pages = 20–33 |editor1= Katharine Gelber |editor2=Adrienne Stone |isbn = 9781862876538 |publisher = Federation Press |year=2007 |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3oYYweMrF8C&q=%22volatility+of+racism+in+australia%22&pg=PA20 |author = Ann Curthoys |author-link=Ann Curthoys }}</ref> Australia's diverse migrant communities have brought with them food, lifestyle and cultural practices, many of which have been absorbed into mainstream Australian culture.<ref name="Reference"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/>

Members of a multicultural community who are not of [[English-speaking]] [[Anglo-Australian]], [[Anglo-Saxon]] or ‘[[Anglo-Celtic]]’ Australian [[Ethnicity|background]] or not [[cultural assimilation|"assimilated"]] are often referred to in policy discourse as [[culturally and linguistically diverse]] (CALD), introduced in 1996 to replace non-English speaking background (NESB).<ref>{{cite conference|url=https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/entities/publication/5607e883-bc20-42a0-93ce-0a4b1769edfe|title=How useful is the term "Culturally And Linguistically Diverse (CALD)" in the Australian social policy discourse?|last1=Sawrikar|first1=Pooja|last2=Katz|first2=Ilan|date=2009|publisher=[[University of New South Wales]]|doi=10.26190/unsworks/25860|conference=Australian Social Policy Conference: An Inclusive Society? Practicalities and Possibilities|hdl=1959.4/unsworks_39250|hdl-access=free|access-date=29 December 2024}}{{rp|p=2}}{{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=What is CALD? A Comprehensive Guide to CALD Communities|publisher=Ethnolink|date=16 May 2023|url=https://www.ethnolink.com.au/cald-culturally-and-linguistically-diverse/|access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jeon|first1=Yun-Hee|last2=Chenoweth|first2=Lynn|date=January 2007|title=Working With a Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CALD) Group of Nurses|url=https://www.collegianjournal.com/article/S1322-7696(08)60543-0/abstract|journal=[[Australian College of Nursing|Collegian: The Australian Journal of Nursing Practice, Scholarship and Research]] |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=16–22 |doi=10.1016/s1322-7696(08)60543-0 |pmid=17294682 |hdl=10453/5895 |access-date=29 December 2024 |url-access=subscription |hdl-access=free}}</ref>