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== References == === Footnotes === {{Reflist}} === Works cited === {{refbegin|40em}} *{{cite book | first1=Frank Frost | last1=Abbott | first2=Allan Chester | last2=Johnson | year=1926 | title=Municipal Administration in the Roman Empire | location=Princeton | publisher=Princeton University Press | url=https://archive.org/stream/municipaladminis032553mbp#page/n27/mode/2up }} *{{Citation | last1 = Arenillas | first1 = Miguel | last2 = Castillo | first2 = Juan C. | title = Dams from the Roman Era in Spain. Analysis of Design Forms (with Appendix) | journal = 1st International Congress on Construction History [20th–24th January] | location = Madrid | year = 2003 | url = http://www.traianvs.net/textos/presas_in.htm#_ednref4 }} *{{cite book|last1=Baker|first1=Rosalie F.|title=Ancient Egyptians: People of the Pyramids|year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-512221-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gw5prEJQq10C&q=%22Tekhenu+%22+egyptian&pg=PA69|first2=Charles F. |last2=Baker}} *{{Citation | doi = 10.2307/1192605 | last = Beckmann | first = Martin | title = The 'Columnae Coc(h)lides' of Trajan and Marcus Aurelius | journal = Phoenix | volume = 56 | issue = 3/4 | year = 2002 | pages = 348–357 | jstor = 1192605 }} *{{cite book | last = Benevolo | first = Leonardo | title = Die Geschichte der Stadt | publisher = Campus-Verl | location = Frankfurt/Main New York | year = 1993| isbn = 978-3-593-34906-0 }} * {{cite book|first=Matthew |last=Bunson|title=Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5tic2VunRoC&pg=PA195|year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-1027-1|chapter=Engineering}} * {{cite book |last=Bomgardner |first=David Lee |title=The Story of the Roman Amphitheatre |publisher=[[Routledge]] |date=October 2000 |isbn=978-0-415-16593-8 }} *{{Citation | last = Coulton | first = J. J. | title = Lifting in Early Greek Architecture | journal = [[The Journal of Hellenic Studies]] | volume = 94 | year = 1974 | pages = 1–19 | doi=10.2307/630416 | jstor = 630416 | s2cid = 162973494 }} *{{citation | doi = 10.1080/00438243.1990.9980116 | last = DeLaine | first = Janet | author-link = Janet DeLaine | title = Structural Experimentation: The Lintel Arch, Corbel and Tie in Western Roman Architecture | journal = World Archaeology | volume = 21 | issue = 3 | year = 1990 | pages = 407–424 (407)}} *{{Citation | doi = 10.2307/3643076 | last1 = Donners | first1 = K. | last2 = Waelkens | first2 = M. | last3 = Deckers | first3 = J. | year = 2002 | title = Water Mills in the Area of Sagalassos: A Disappearing Ancient Technology | periodical = Anatolian Studies | volume = 52 | pages = 1–17 | jstor = 3643076 | publisher = British Institute at Ankara | s2cid = 163811541 }} *{{cite book|first=Alexander |last=Demandt|title=Die Kelten|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1EWuAAAACAAJ|year=1998|publisher=Beck|isbn=978-3-406-43301-6|location=München|language=de}} *Favro, Diane, et al. "Rome, ancient, Architecture." Grove Art Online. [[Oxford Art Online]]. Oxford University Press, accessed 26 March 2016, [http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T073405pg3 subscription required] *{{Citation | last = Döring | first = Mathias | year = 2002 | title = Wasser für den 'Sinus Baianus': Römische Ingenieur- und Wasserbauten der Phlegraeischen Felder | periodical = Antike Welt | volume = 33 | issue = 3 | pages = 305–319 }} *{{cite book|last=Forbes|first=Robert James|title=Studies in ancient technology| volume= 2|year=1993| publisher=Brill| isbn=978-90-04-00622-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Oi70BovgoQC&q=%22Via+Gabina%22+road+built&pg=PA146}} *{{cite book|first1=Ulrich |last1=Fürst|first2=Stefan|last2= Grundmann|title=The architecture of Rome: an architectural history in 400 presentations|publisher=Edition Axel Menges|year=1998|isbn=978-3-930698-60-8}} *{{cite book | editor1-last = Gagarin | editor1-first = Michael | title = The Oxford encyclopedia of ancient Greece and Rome | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = New York | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-0-19-517072-6 | editor2-first = Elaine | editor2-last = Fantham | editor2-link = Elaine Fantham | volume= 1|chapter=Aqueducts|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lNV6-HsUppsC&pg=PA145}} *{{citation | last = Gardner | first = Helen | title = Gardner's Art Through The Ages: The Western Perspective | publisher = Wadsworth Publishing | year = 2005 | page = 170 | isbn = 978-0-495-00479-0}} *{{cite book|last=Harris |first=W.|year=1989|chapter=Invisible Cities: the Beginning of Etruscan Urbanization|title=Atti del Secondo Congresso Internazionale Etrusco. Roma, 1989|pages= 375–392}} *{{Citation | last1 = Heinle | first1 = Erwin | last2 = Schlaich | first2 = Jörg | title = Kuppeln aller Zeiten, aller Kulturen | location = Stuttgart | year = 1996 | isbn = 978-3-421-03062-7 }} *Henig, Martin (ed), ''A Handbook of Roman Art'', Chapter 2 "Architecture" by Thomas Blagg, Phaidon, 1983, {{ISBN|0714822140}} *{{cite journal|last1=Hermansen|first1=G.|title=The Medianum and the Roman Apartment|journal=Phoenix|volume=24|issue=4|year=1970|pages=342–347|issn=0031-8299|doi=10.2307/1087740|jstor=1087740}} *{{Citation | last = Hodge | first = A. Trevor | title = Roman Aqueducts & Water Supply | place = London | publisher = Duckworth | year = 1992 | isbn = 978-0-7156-2194-3 }} *{{Citation | last = Hodge | first = A. Trevor | editor-last = Wikander | editor-first = Örjan | editor-link = Örjan Wikander | contribution = Reservoirs and Dams | title = Handbook of Ancient Water Technology | series = Technology and Change in History | volume = 2 | year = 2000 | publisher = Brill | location = Leiden | isbn = 978-90-04-11123-3 | pages = 331–339 }} *{{cite book|last1=Honour|first1=Hugh|last2=Fleming|first2=John|title=A world history of art|publisher=Laurence King Publishing|year=2005|isbn=978-1-85669-451-3}} *{{Citation | last1 = James | first1 = Patrick | last2 = Chanson | first2 = Hubert | title = Historical Development of Arch Dams. From Roman Arch Dams to Modern Concrete Designs | journal = Australian Civil Engineering Transactions | volume = CE43 | year = 2002 | pages = 39–56 | url = http://www.traianvs.net/textos/archdams_en.htm }} *{{cite book|last=Juracek|first=Judy A. |title=Surfaces: Visual Research for Artists, Architects, and Designers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1ZWyWDcq1YC&pg=PA310|year=1996|publisher=W.W. Norton|isbn=978-0-393-73007-4}} *{{cite book|last=Kaszynski|first=William |title=The American Highway: The History and Culture of Roads in the United States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dzv2oZM5_38C&pg=PA9+PAGE+9|year= 2000|location=Jefferson, N.C.|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-0822-1}} *{{cite book | last = Kolb | first = Frank | title = Die Stadt im Altertum | url = https://archive.org/details/diestadtimaltert0000kolb | url-access = registration | publisher = C.H. Beck | location = München | year = 1984 | isbn = 978-3-406-03172-4 }} * {{cite book | last = Lampe | first = Peter | title = Christians at Rome in the first two centuries : from Paul to Valentinus | publisher = Continuum International Publishing Group | location = London | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-0-8264-8102-3 }} *{{Citation | last = Lancaster | first = Lynne | title = Building Trajan's Column | journal = [[American Journal of Archaeology]] | volume = 103 | issue = 3 | year = 1999 | pages = 419–439 | doi=10.2307/506969 | jstor = 506969 | s2cid = 192986322 }} *[[A. W. Lawrence|Lawrence, A. W.]], ''Greek Architecture'', 1957, Penguin, Pelican history of art *{{Citation | last1 = Lechtman | first1 = Heather | last2 = Hobbs | first2 = Linn | year = 1986 | contribution = Roman Concrete and the Roman Architectural Revolution. Ceramics and Civilization | editor-last = Kingery | editor-first = W. D. | title = High Technology Ceramics: Past, Present, Future | publisher = American Ceramics Society | volume = 3 }} *{{Citation | last = Hodge | first = A. Trevor | title = The Woodwork of Greek Roofs | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1960 | pages = 38–44}} *{{Citation | doi = 10.2307/3050861 | last1 = Mark | first1 = Robert | last2 = Hutchinson | first2 = Paul | year = 1986 | title = On the Structure of the Roman Pantheon | periodical = Art Bulletin | jstor = 3050861 | volume = 68 | issue = 1 | pages = 24–34 }} * {{cite book |first=Guy P.R. |last=Métreaux|chapter=Villa rustica alimentaria et annonaria| editor-last = Frazer | editor-first = Alfred | title = The Roman villa : villa urbana | publisher = University Museum, University of Pennsylvania | location = Philadelphia | year = 1998 | isbn = 978-0-924171-59-8 }} *{{cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=Stella Grobel|title=A Mosaic Floor from a Roman Villa at Anaploga|journal=Hesperia|volume=41|issue=3|year=1972|pages=332–354|issn=0018-098X |url=http://www.ascsa.edu.gr/pdf/uploads/hesperia/147437.pdf|jstor=147437}} *{{cite book|last=Morris|first=Anthony E. |title=History of Urban Form: Prehistory to the Renaissance|year=1972|publisher=George Godwin Limited|location=London|isbn=978-0711438019}} *{{Citation | last = O'Connor | first = Colin | title = Roman Bridges | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1993 | isbn = 978-0-521-39326-3 }} * {{Cite book|last1=O'Flaherty|first1=C.A.|title=Highways|year=2002|pages=1–5|doi=10.1016/B978-075065090-8/50002-8|chapter-url=http://weblibrary.apeiron-uni.eu:8080/WebDokumenti/11630-uvod.pdf|isbn=978-0-7506-5090-8|chapter=Introduction: A historical overview of the development of the road}} * {{cite book |first= Joseph|last= Patrich|chapter=Warehouses and Granaries in Caesarea Maritima| editor-last = Raban | editor-first = Avner | title = Caesarea Maritima : a retrospective after two millennia | publisher = E.J. Brill | location = Leiden New York | year = 1996 | isbn = 978-90-04-10378-8 }} *{{cite book|last1=Peet|first1=Stephen Denison |title=The American Antiquarian and Oriental Journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uDgS_7wV9O4C&pg=RA3-PA36|year=1911|publisher=Jameson & Morse}} * {{cite book | last1 = Potter | first1 = D. S. |last2= Mattingly|first2= D. J.| title = Life, death, and entertainment in the Roman Empire | publisher = University of Michigan Press | location = Ann Arbor | year = 1999 | isbn = 978-0-472-08568-2 }} *{{Citation | last = Rasch | first = Jürgen | year = 1985 | title = Die Kuppel in der römischen Architektur. Entwicklung, Formgebung, Konstruktion | periodical = Architectura | volume = 15 | pages = 117–139 }} * {{cite book | last = Richardson | first = Lawrence | title = A new topographical dictionary of ancient Rome | url = https://archive.org/details/newtopographical0000rich | url-access = registration | publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press | location = Baltimore | year = 1992 | isbn = 978-0-8018-4300-6 }} *{{Citation | last1 = Ritti | first1 = Tullia | last2 = Grewe | first2 = Klaus | last3 = Kessener | first3 = Paul | year = 2007 | title = A Relief of a Water-powered Stone Saw Mill on a Sarcophagus at Hierapolis and its Implications | periodical = Journal of Roman Archaeology | volume = 20 | pages = 138–163 }} *{{citation | last = Rook | first = Tony | title = Roman Baths in Britain | publisher = Osprey Publishing | year = 1992 | pages = 18–19 | isbn = 978-0-7478-0157-3}} * {{cite journal|last1=Ros|first1=Karen E.|title=The Roman Theater at Carthage (the theater's substructures, plan and the identification of architectural elements)|journal=American Journal of Archaeology|volume=100|issue=3|year=1996|pages=449–489|issn=0002-9114|doi=10.2307/507025|jstor=507025|s2cid=191374710 }} * {{cite book|chapter=Horreum|first=Leonhard |last=Schmitz| editor-first=William |editor-last=Smith|title=A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities|publisher= John Murray|location= London|year= 1875|chapter-url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Horreum.html}} *{{Citation | last = Schnitter | first = Niklaus | title = Römische Talsperren | journal = Antike Welt | volume = 8 | issue = 2 | pages = 25–32 | year = 1978 }} *{{Citation | last = Schnitter | first = Niklaus | editor-last = Garbrecht | editor-first = Günther | contribution = Verzeichnis geschichtlicher Talsperren bis Ende des 17. Jahrhunderts | title = Historische Talsperren | place = Stuttgart | publisher = Verlag Konrad Wittwer | year = 1987a | volume = 1 | pages = 9–20 | isbn = 978-3-87919-145-1 }} *{{Citation | last = Schnitter | first = Niklaus | editor-last = Garbrecht | editor-first = Günther | contribution = Die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Pfeilerstaumauer | title = Historische Talsperren | place = Stuttgart | publisher = Verlag Konrad Wittwer | year = 1987b | volume = 1 | pages = 57–74 | isbn = 978-3-87919-145-1 }} *{{Citation | last = Schnitter | first = Niklaus | editor-last = Garbrecht | editor-first = Günther | contribution = Die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Bogenstaumauer | title = Historische Talsperren | place = Stuttgart | publisher = Verlag Konrad Wittwer | year = 1987c | volume = 1 | pages = 75–96 | isbn = 978-3-87919-145-1 }} *[[Gottfried Semper|Semper, Gottfried]], ''Style in the technical and tectonic arts, or, Practical aesthetics'', 2004 translation of ''Der Stil in der technischen und tektonischen Künsten'' (1860-62), Getty Research Institute, ISBN 9780892365975, [https://books.google.com/books?id=5mCcKu6HhMAC&pg=PA810 google books] *{{cite journal|title=Ancient Mediterranean Pleasure Gardens|journal=Geographical Review |date=July 1929|first=Ellen Churchill|last=Semple|volume=19|issue=3|pages=420–443|doi=10.2307/209149|jstor=209149}} * {{cite book |last=Smith |first=D. J. |chapter=Mosaics |editor=Martin Henig |title=A Handbook of Roman Art |publisher=Phaidon |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-7148-2214-3 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofromana00mart |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofromana00mart}} *{{Citation | last = Smith | first = Norman | title = The Roman Dams of Subiaco | journal = Technology and Culture | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 58–68 | year = 1970 | doi=10.2307/3102810 | jstor = 3102810 | s2cid = 111915102 }} *{{Citation | last = Smith | first = Norman | title = A History of Dams | place = London | publisher = Peter Davies | year = 1971 | pages = 25–49 | isbn = 978-0-432-15090-0 }} *{{cite journal|last1=Storey|first1=Glenn R.|title=Regionaries-Type Insulae 2: Architectural/Residential Units at Rome|journal=American Journal of Archaeology|volume=106|issue=3|year=2002|pages=411–434|issn=0002-9114|doi=10.2307/4126281|jstor=4126281|s2cid=163283487 }} *{{cite journal|last1=Storey|first1=Glenn R.|title=The Meaning of "Insula" in Roman Residential Terminology|journal=Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome|volume=49|year=2004|pages=47–84|issn=0065-6801|doi=10.2307/4238817|jstor=4238817}} *{{cite book|last=Sullivan|first=George H.|title=Not built in a day: exploring the architecture of Rome|publisher=Da Capo Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7867-1749-1|url=https://archive.org/details/notbuiltindayexp00sull}} *[[Summerson, John]], ''[[The Classical Language of Architecture]]'', 1980 edition, [[Thames and Hudson]] ''World of Art'' series, {{ISBN|0500201773}} * {{cite book |last=Ulrich |first=Roger B. |title=Roman Woodworking |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-300-10341-0 }} * {{cite book|last=Vitrivius|others=Morris H. Morgan (translator)|year=1914|title=The Ten Books on Architecture, Bk I|publisher=Harvard University Press }} *{{cite book|last1=Walters|first1=Henry Beauchamp |last2=Birch|first2=Samuel |author-link2=Samuel Birch (Egyptologist)|title=History of Ancient Pottery: Greek, Etruscan, and Roman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZX0FAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA336|year=1905|publisher=John Murray}} *{{cite book |last=Ward-Perkins|first=Bryan |chapter=Chapter 12. Land, labour, and settlement |editor1-last=Cameron|editor1-first=Averil |editor2-last=Ward-Perkins|editor2-first=Bryan|editor3-last=Whitby |editor3-first=Michael|year=2000|volume= XIV |series=The Cambridge Ancient History |title=Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors A.D. 425–600|at=Part III: East and West: Economy and Society|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521325912|hdl=2027/mdp.39015030095528 |isbn=978-0-521-32591-2|url=http://archive.org/details/cambridgeanc2plates00buryuoft |chapter-url=http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam031/75085719.pdf}} *{{cite journal | last = Ward-Perkins | first = J. B. | title = Nero's Golden House | journal = Antiquity | volume = 30 | year = 1956 | pages = 217–19}} *{{Citation | last = Wikander | first = Örjan | author-link = Örjan Wikander | year = 1985 | title = Archaeological Evidence for Early Water-Mills. An Interim Report | periodical = History of Technology | volume = 10 | pages = 151–179 }} *{{Citation | last = Wikander | first = Örjan | editor-last = Wikander | editor-first = Örjan | contribution = The Water-Mill | title = Handbook of Ancient Water Technology | series = Technology and Change in History | volume = 2 | year = 2000a | publisher = Brill | location = Leiden | isbn = 978-90-04-11123-3 | pages = 371–400 }} *{{Citation | last = Wikander | first = Örjan | editor-last = Wikander | editor-first = Örjan | contribution = Industrial Applications of Water-Power | title = Handbook of Ancient Water Technology | series = Technology and Change in History | volume = 2 | year = 2000b | publisher = Brill | location = Leiden | isbn = 978-90-04-11123-3 | pages = 401–410 }} *{{Citation | doi = 10.2307/3184857 | last = Wilson | first = Andrew | year = 2002 | title = Machines, Power and the Ancient Economy | periodical = [[The Journal of Roman Studies]] | volume = 92 | pages = 1–32 | jstor = 3184857 | publisher = Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies, Cambridge University Press | s2cid = 154629776 }} *{{cite book | last = Wilson Jones | first = Mark | title = Principles of Roman architecture | publisher = Yale University Press | location = New Haven, Conn | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-0-300-08138-1 }} *{{Citation | last = Wirsching | first = Armin | title = How the Obelisks Reached Rome: Evidence of Roman Double-Ships | journal = [[The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology]] | volume = 29 | issue = 2 | pages = 273–283 | year = 2000 | doi=10.1111/j.1095-9270.2000.tb01456.x | s2cid = 162710923 }} *[[Doreen Yarwood|Yarwood, Doreen]], ''The Architecture of Europe'', 1987 (first edn. 1974), Spring Books, {{ISBN|0600554309}} *{{cite book|last=Zaho|first=Margaret Ann|title=Imago triumphalis: the function and significance of triumphal imagery for Italian Renaissance rulers|publisher=Peter Lang|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8204-6235-6}} {{refend}}
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