Editing 1503 (section)

=== October&ndash;December ===
[[File:Mona Lisa detail eyes.jpg|thumb|By October: Work on ''[[Mona Lisa]]'' has begun]]
* October &ndash; Earliest record of [[Leonardo da Vinci]] working on a portrait of [[Lisa del Giocondo]], probably the ''[[Mona Lisa]]'', in [[Florence]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Webster|title=Observations on the Mona Lisa Landscape|journal=The Art Bulletin|date=June 1985|volume=67|issue=2|pages=183–199|doi=10.1080/00043079.1985.10788256|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00043079.1985.10788256|access-date=2023-06-20|language=en|issn=0004-3079|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mona Lisa – Heidelberg discovery confirms identity|url=http://www.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/Englisch/news/monalisa.html|publisher=University Library, University of Heidelberg|access-date=2025-05-09|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110508121954/http://www.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/Englisch/news/monalisa.html|archive-date=2011-05-08|via=Wayback Machine}}</ref>
* [[October 1]] &ndash; [[Fort Emmanuel]] is christened at [[Kochi, India|Cochin]] after [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] obtained permission to be able to build it.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Logan |first1=William |title=Malabar Manual, Vol. 1 |date=1887 |publisher=Madras Government Press |location=Madras |isbn=978-81-206-0446-9 |pages=309–310 |url=https://archive.org/details/malabarmanual0000loga/page/308/mode/2up?q=firs |access-date=20 June 2023}}</ref> It is the first European fort in India, in addition to being the first [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portuguese]] fort.
* [[October 18]] &ndash; [[Pope Pius III]] dies less than four weeks after being elected, prompting the calling of the [[October 1503 papal conclave|second papal conclave in as many months]].<ref name="pap">{{cite book |last1=Pastor |first1=Ludwig |last2=Antrobus |first2=Frederick Ignatius |title=The History Of The Popes, From The Close Of The Middle Ages, Drawn From The Secret Archives Of The Vatican And Other Original Sources, Volume 6 |date=1902 |publisher=B. Herder|location=St. Louis |url=https://archive.org/details/TheHistoryOfThePopesV6/page/205/mode/2up?q=november |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|198–207}}
* [[October 30]] &ndash; [[Isabella I of Castile|Queen Isabella I]] of Spain issues an edict prohibiting violence against indigenous peoples in the [[New World]].
* [[November 1]] &ndash; Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere, Bishop of Ostia, is elected the 216th Roman Catholic Pontiff [[October 1503 papal conclave|at the end of the year's second papal conclave]] and takes the papal name [[Pope Julius II]].<ref name="pap" />{{rp|210}} Della Rovere had received 15 of 32 votes in the [[September 1503 papal conclave|September voting]] for a plurality, but still short of a majority.<ref name="pl">{{cite book |last1=Baumgartner |first1=Frederic J. |title=Behind locked doors : a history of the Papal elections |date=2003 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=New York |isbn=978-0-312-29463-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/behindlockeddoor00fred/page/89/mode/2up?q=fifteen |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|89}} Julius II reigns for a little more than nine years until his death in 1513.<ref name="pl" />{{rp|91}}
* [[November 11]] &ndash; [[Bernard Stewart, 4th Lord of Aubigny]], commander of the defeated French forces and a prisoner of war since his April 21 defeat at the Battle of Seminara, is released from [[Castel Nuovo]] in [[Naples]] after a truce between France and Spain.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cust |first1=Lady Elizabeth |title=Some Account of the Stuarts of Aubigny, in France: 1422-1672 |date=1891 |publisher=Chiswick Press |page=37 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XzXwr3-q3DAC&dq=11+dAubigny+1503+dAubigny+castel+nuovo&pg=PA37 |access-date=20 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[November 29]] &ndash; Pope Julius II, formerly  Giuliano della Rovere, adds four new people to the College of Cardinals, including two members of his family, [[Clemente Grosso della Rovere|Clemente della Rovere]] and [[Galeotto Franciotti della Rovere|Galeotto della Rovere]].<ref name="pap" />{{rp|219}} By the time of his death, Julius will have added 27 cardinals to the Roman Catholic Church, five of them from the della Rovere family.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Cardinals of the 16th Century |url=https://cardinals.fiu.edu/consistories-xvi.htm#JuliusII |website=cardinals.fiu.edu |access-date=20 June 2023}}</ref>
* [[December 29]] &ndash; [[Italian Wars of 1499–1504#Third Italian War|Third Italian War]]: The [[Battle of Garigliano (1503)|Battle of Garigliano]] takes place near [[Gaeta]] in Italy. [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] forces under [[Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba]] defeat a French–Italian [[mercenary]] army under [[Ludovico II, Marquess of Saluzzo]]; the French forces, who suffer 4,000 casualties, withdraw to [[Gaeta]].