Editing 2002 (section)

== Culture ==

=== Art and architecture ===
{{Main|2002 in art|2002 in architecture}}
[[File:Alexandrina Front view.jpg|thumb|Construction of the [[Bibliotheca Alexandrina]] was completed in 2002.]]
Economic downturn in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks limited the art industry in 2002. Organizations were less willing to give [[patronage]], and tourists were less willing to visit art exhibitions and museums, particularly in New York and the Middle East.<ref name=":16" />{{Rp|page=502}} The [[Documenta11]] exhibition took place in [[Kassel]], Germany, contributing to the early movement of art globalization with its focus on experimental and documentary works from developing nations. Traditional visual art was mostly replaced by film and photography at the exhibition.<ref name=":16" />{{Rp|page=503}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-08 |title=The Exhibitions That Defined the 2000s |url=https://www.artnews.com/list/art-in-america/features/the-exhibitions-that-defined-the-2000s-1234578321/ |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=ARTnews |at=Okwui Enwezor: Making the Art World Global |language=en-US |archive-date=March 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329020823/https://www.artnews.com/list/art-in-america/features/the-exhibitions-that-defined-the-2000s-1234578321/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Critically acclaimed paintings in 2002 include [[The Upper Room (paintings)|''The Upper Room'']], a collection of paintings by [[Chris Ofili]] based on a drawing of a monkey by [[Andy Warhol]],<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Searle |first1=Adrian |last2=Jones |first2=Jonathan |last3=O'Hagan |first3=Sean |last4=Judah |first4=Hettie |date=2019-09-17 |title=The best art of the 21st century |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2019/sep/17/the-best-visual-art-of-the-21st-century |access-date=2023-03-29 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=March 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322173823/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2019/sep/17/the-best-visual-art-of-the-21st-century |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''Dispersion'', an abstract work by [[Julie Mehretu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2015 |title=12 Masterpieces of 21st-Century Painting You Need to Know Now |url=http://www.artspace.com/magazine/art_101/phaidon-twenty-first-century-painting-masterpieces-list |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=Artspace |language=english}}</ref>

The architecture world focused on the rebuilding of the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]], and various exhibitions were held to showcase design concepts. The [[Tribute in Light]] was implemented on [[World Trade Center site|the site]] during the interim.<ref name=":52" />{{Rp|page=155}} Egypt began accepting designs for the [[Grand Egyptian Museum]].<ref name=":52" />{{Rp|page=234}} New structures constructed or opened in 2002 include the [[Austrian Cultural Forum New York|Austrian Cultural Forum]] in New York, the [[Imperial War Museum North]] in [[Manchester]],<ref name=":52" />{{Rp|page=156}} the [[Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels]] in Los Angeles, and the [[Bibliotheca Alexandrina]] in [[Alexandria]].<ref name=":16" />{{Rp|page=506}} The [[Bronx Developmental Center]] in New York and [[Fallingwater]] in Pennsylvania were renovated, and the [[Maslon House]] was demolished in California.<ref name=":52" />{{Rp|page=157}}

=== Media ===
{{Main|2002 in film|2002 in music|2002 in radio|2002 in video games}}

==== Popular media ====
[[File:EMINEM rapping Anger management tour 2003 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Eminem]] released the best-selling album of 2002, ''[[The Eminem Show]]''.]]
The highest-grossing films globally in 2002 were ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]'', [[Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film)|''Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets'']], and [[Spider-Man (2002 film)|''Spider-Man'']]. The highest-grossing non-English film was [[Hero (2002 film)|''Hero'']] (Mandarin), the 28th highest-grossing film of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2002 Worldwide Box Office |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/year/world/2002/ |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=Box Office Mojo |archive-date=May 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518020259/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/year/world/2002/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Film was marked by several unexpected successes and failures in 2002, including the underwhelming performances of the ''[[Star Wars]]'' film ''[[Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones|Attack of the Clones]]'', the ''[[James Bond]]'' film ''[[Die Another Day]]'', and the [[Disney]] film ''[[Treasure Planet]]'', as well as the [[Word-of-mouth marketing|word-of-mouth]] success of ''[[My Big Fat Greek Wedding]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Boyar |first=Jay |date=2002-12-28 |title=2002 Year in Review |url=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-2002-12-29-0212280019-story.html |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=Orlando Sentinel |archive-date=March 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329025658/https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-2002-12-29-0212280019-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Critically acclaimed films from 2002 include [[Adaptation (film)|''Adaptation'']],''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=2002-12-31 |title=The Best 10 Movies of 2002 |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/the-best-10-movies-of-2002 |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=rogerebert.com |language=en |archive-date=March 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329025708/https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/the-best-10-movies-of-2002 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Scott |first=A. O. |date=2002-12-29 |title=Film: The Year in Review -- The Critics/The 10 Best; Ravished, Again, by Almodóvar |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/29/movies/film-the-year-in-review-the-critics-the-10-best-ravished-again-by-almodovar-535443.html |access-date=2023-03-29 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=March 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329025657/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/29/movies/film-the-year-in-review-the-critics-the-10-best-ravished-again-by-almodovar-535443.html |url-status=live }}</ref>''<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last1=Phipps |first1=Keith |last2=Rabin |first2=Nathan |last3=Tobias |first3=Scott |date=2003-01-15 |title=The Year In Film: 2002 |url=https://www.avclub.com/the-year-in-film-2002-1798208253 |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=The A.V. Club |language=en |archive-date=March 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329025657/https://www.avclub.com/the-year-in-film-2002-1798208253 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Far from Heaven]]'',''<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />''<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2016-08-19 |title=The 21st Century's 100 greatest films |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20160819-the-21st-centurys-100-greatest-films |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=BBC |language=en |archive-date=August 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817230650/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20160819-the-21st-centurys-100-greatest-films |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''[[Talk to Her]]''.<ref name=":5" />''<ref name=":6" />''<ref name=":7" />

Music sales in 2002 amounted to about 3 billion units, a decline of 8% from 2001. [[CD]] albums remained the dominant form of music, making up 89% of the market. [[DVD]] music sales increased by 40%, while [[cassette tape]] music sales decreased by 36%.<ref>{{Cite report |url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/worldsales2002.pdf |title=The Recording Industry World Sales |date=2003 |publisher=[[IFPI]] |access-date=2023-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201940/http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/worldsales2002.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-03}}</ref> [[Pop music]] saw a major decline in 2002 as it was overtaken by [[country music]] and [[hip hop music]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Strauss |first=Neil |date=2002-12-26 |title=The Year That Pop Lost Popularity; In the Roster of No. 1 CD's, Extreme Genres Led the Pack |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/26/arts/year-that-pop-lost-popularity-roster-no-1-cd-s-extreme-genres-led-pack.html |access-date=2023-03-29 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=March 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329040336/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/26/arts/year-that-pop-lost-popularity-roster-no-1-cd-s-extreme-genres-led-pack.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Globally, the best-selling albums in 2002 were ''[[The Eminem Show]]'' by [[Eminem]], [[Let Go (Avril Lavigne album)|''Let Go'']] by [[Avril Lavigne]], and the [[Elvis Presley]] greatest hits album [[ELV1S: 30 No. 1 Hits|''ELV1S: 30 #1 Hits'']]. The best-selling non-English album was [[Mensch (album)|''Mensch'']] ({{Translation|Human}}) by German singer [[Herbert Grönemeyer]], the 29th best-selling album overall.<ref name="ifpi">{{Cite web |title=2000-2005 Top 50 Albums [XLS] |url=https://www.ifpi.org/content/library/top-5-albums-2000-2005.xls |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323114337/http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/top-5-albums-2000-2005.xls |archive-date=2012-03-23 |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=[[IFPI]]}}</ref>

[[Sony]] and [[Microsoft]] introduced [[Online game|online gaming services]] for the [[PlayStation 2]] and [[Xbox]] consoles, respectively.<ref name=":52" />{{Rp|page=174}} Critically acclaimed video games released in 2002 include ''[[Eternal Darkness]]'', ''[[Grand Theft Auto: Vice City]]'', ''[[Metroid Prime]]'', ''[[Metroid Fusion]]'', and ''[[Super Mario Sunshine]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Notis |first1=Ari  |last2=Zwiezen |first2=Zack  |date=2022-07-01 |title=Let's Remember How Amazing 2002 Was For Video Games |url=https://kotaku.com/best-video-games-of-2002-metroid-prime-thps4-1849135720 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329055623/https://kotaku.com/best-video-games-of-2002-metroid-prime-thps4-1849135720 |archive-date=March 29, 2023 |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=Kotaku |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fox |first=Tanner |date=2022-04-04 |title=10 Greatest Video Games Of 2002, According To Metacritic |url=https://screenrant.com/metacritic-best-video-games-2002/ |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=ScreenRant |language=en |archive-date=March 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329055616/https://screenrant.com/metacritic-best-video-games-2002/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The 100 Best Video Games and PC Games From the 2000s |url=https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/the-best-video-games-of-the-2000s |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=Complex |language=en |archive-date=March 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329055624/https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/the-best-video-games-of-the-2000s |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Medal of Honor: Allied Assault]]'' was influential in the war-based [[first-person shooter]] genre with its portrayal of grand cinematic battles. 2002 was the final year of traditional [[survival horror]] before it was overtaken by action-based survival horror games in franchises such as ''[[Resident Evil]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Ed |date=2016-06-09 |title=Why 2002 Was Possibly the Most Important Year in Video Gaming History |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/why-2002-was-possibly-the-most-important-year-in-video-gaming-history-244/ |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=Vice |language=en |archive-date=March 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329055622/https://www.vice.com/en/article/wdbe79/why-2002-was-possibly-the-most-important-year-in-video-gaming-history-244 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Libraries, press, and radio ====
Costa Rica was celebrated for an advance in [[free speech]] when it abolished criminal penalties for insulting public officials.<ref name=":52" />{{Rp|page=275}} [[Radio in India]] became more popular in 2002 following deregulation, with five major stations in [[Mumbai]] breaking the [[state monopoly]] in April and with significant increases in the sales of car and pocket radios. ''[[Good Morning Afghanistan]]'' began airing to provide the Afghan people real-time updates on the nation's political situation, while [[Radio Liberty]] was expelled from Russia in October.<ref name=":52" />{{Rp|page=272}} An expected recovery of the newspaper industry did not materialize in 2002 as digital media became more common, resulting in significant cutbacks.<ref name=":52" />{{Rp|page=273}} The magazine industry faced similar challenges, as well as a separate controversy when the February 11 issue of ''[[Newsweek International]]'' was banned throughout the [[Muslim world]] for its [[depiction of Muhammed]].<ref name=":52" />{{Rp|page=275}}

The [[British Library]] digitized a 700-year-old edition of the [[Quran]], and the U.S. [[Library of Congress]] made high resolution scans of a [[Gutenberg Bible]] for closer study of Gutenberg's printing methods. Library services faced multiple disruptions in 2002. Strikes by librarians affected operations in both the United Kingdom and the United States, while funding shortages led to cutbacks in Germany, South Africa, and the United States.<ref name=":52" />{{Rp|page=233}}

=== Sports ===
{{Main|2002 in sports}}
[[File:SLC flags opening ceremony.jpg|thumb|The [[2002 Winter Olympics]] were held in [[Salt Lake City]].]]
The [[2002 Winter Olympics]] were held in [[Salt Lake City]], with Norway winning the most gold medals. [[2002 Winter Olympics figure skating scandal|Allegations]] that a judge was bribed to favor Russia in a [[Figure skating at the 2002 Winter Olympics|figure skating event]] led to France and Russia both receiving gold medals in the event.<ref name=":16" />{{Rp|page=515}}<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=2002 World Sports Highlights |url=https://www.topendsports.com/world/timeline/2002.htm |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=Top End Sports |archive-date=March 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329062009/https://www.topendsports.com/world/timeline/2002.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[2002 Commonwealth Games]] were held in [[Manchester]].<ref name=":16" />{{Rp|page=516}} The [[2002 FIFA World Cup]] was held in Japan and South Korea, and it ended with a 2–0 victory by Brazil over Germany. The traditionally well-performing teams of Argentina, France, and Italy did not meet expectations, while Senegal, South Korea, Turkey, and the United States performed better than they had historically.<ref name=":16" />{{Rp|page=513}}

[[Michael Schumacher]] significantly exceeded his competition and set numerous records with the [[Ferrari F2002]] during the [[2002 Formula One World Championship]], prompting the [[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile]] to make several rule changes; this included reforms for [[team orders]] following a controversial move at the [[2002 Austrian Grand Prix]] in which Schumacher's teammate [[Rubens Barrichello]] moved aside to let him win.<ref name=":52" />{{Rp|page=317}} In boxing, the [[Lennox Lewis vs. Mike Tyson]] was preceded by a scuffle during a press conference. [[Lennox Lewis]] went on to defeat [[Mike Tyson]].<ref name=":16" />{{Rp|page=520}}<ref name=":8" /> Tennis was widely covered in 2002 when three of the four [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] tournaments ended with [[Serena Williams]] defeating her sister [[Venus Williams]] in the finals.<ref name=":52" />{{Rp|page=352}} In [[American football]], the [[Tuck Rule Game]] between the [[New England Patriots]] and the [[Oakland Raiders]] became a national controversy after officials cited the obscure [[Tuck rule (American football)|tuck rule]] to challenge a pass by [[Tom Brady]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaufman |first=King |date=2003-01-01 |title=2002: The year in sports |url=https://www.salon.com/2002/12/31/year_in_sports_3/ |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=Salon |language=en |archive-date=March 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329062014/https://www.salon.com/2002/12/31/year_in_sports_3/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[New Zealand All Blacks]] received wide attention in rugby union for its victory in the [[2002 Tri Nations Series]], making a comeback performance following its losses in previous years.<ref name=":52" />{{Rp|page=340}} [[Bruno Peyron]] set the record for the fastest [[circumnavigation]] by sailing in 2002, making the trip in 64 days.<ref name=":16" />{{Rp|page=521}}