Editing 4G (section)

== System standards ==

=== IMT-2000 compliant 4G standards ===
As of October 2010, ITU-R Working Party 5D approved two industry-developed technologies (LTE Advanced and WirelessMAN-Advanced)<ref name="ITU paves way for next-generation 4G mobile technologies">{{Cite press release | url =http://www.itu.int/net/pressoffice/press_releases/2010/40.aspx | title =ITU paves way for next-generation 4G mobile technologies | publisher =ITU | date =21 October 2010 | access-date =January 6, 2011 | archive-date =July 20, 2011 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110720004237/http://www.itu.int/net/pressoffice/press_releases/2010/40.aspx | url-status =dead }}</ref> for inclusion in the ITU's International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced program ([[IMT-Advanced]] program), which is focused on global communication systems that will be available several years from now.

==== LTE Advanced ====
{{Main|LTE Advanced}}
[[LTE Advanced]] (Long Term Evolution Advanced) is a candidate for [[IMT-Advanced]] standard, formally submitted by the [[3GPP]] organization to ITU-T in the fall 2009, and as of 2013 has been released to the public.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Akyildiz |first1=Ian F. |last2=Gutierrez-Estevez |first2=David M. |last3=Reyes |first3=Elias Chavarria |date=2010-12-01 |title=The evolution to 4G cellular systems: LTE-Advanced |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1874490710000303 |journal=Physical Communication |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=217–244 |doi=10.1016/j.phycom.2010.08.001 |issn=1874-4907|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{Update inline|date=November 2019}}The target of 3GPP LTE Advanced is to reach and surpass the ITU requirements.<ref>{{cite conference |url=http://www.ericsson.com/res/thecompany/docs/journal_conference_papers/wireless_access/VTC08F_jading.pdf |title=LTE Advanced – Evolving LTE towards IMT-Advanced |last1=Parkvall |first1=Stefan |last2=Dahlman |first2=Erik |first3=Anders |last3=Furuskär |first4=Ylva |last4=Jading |first5=Magnus |last5=Olsson |first6=Stefan |last6=Wänstedt |first7=Kambiz |last7=Zangi |conference=[[Vehicular Technology Conference]] Fall 2008 |date=21–24 September 2008 |location=Stockholm |website=Ericsson Research |access-date=November 26, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307095616/http://www.ericsson.com/res/thecompany/docs/journal_conference_papers/wireless_access/VTC08F_jading.pdf |archive-date=March 7, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> LTE Advanced is essentially an enhancement to LTE. It is not a new technology, but rather an improvement on the existing LTE network. This upgrade path makes it more cost effective for vendors to offer LTE and then upgrade to LTE Advanced which is similar to the upgrade from WCDMA to HSPA. LTE and LTE Advanced will also make use of additional spectrums and multiplexing to allow it to achieve higher data speeds. Coordinated Multi-point Transmission will also allow more system capacity to help handle the enhanced data speeds.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Data speeds of LTE-Advanced
! !! LTE Advanced
|-
| Peak download || 1000&nbsp;Mbit/s
|-
| Peak upload   || {{0}}500&nbsp;Mbit/s
|}

==== IEEE 802.16m or WirelessMAN-Advanced ====
{{Update section|date=August 2021}}

The [[IEEE 802.16m]] or [[WirelessMAN-Advanced]] (WiMAX 2) evolution of 802.16e is under development, with the objective to fulfill the IMT-Advanced criteria of 1&nbsp;Gbit/s for stationary reception and 100&nbsp;Mbit/s for mobile reception.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ieee802.org/16/tgm/docs/80216m-08_003r1.pdf |title=The Draft IEEE 802.16m System Description Document |website=ieee802.org |date=April 4, 2008}}</ref>

=== Forerunner versions ===

==== Long Term Evolution (LTE) ====
{{Main|LTE (telecommunication)}}
[[File:Samsung 4G LTE modem-4.jpg|thumb|[[TeliaSonera|Telia]]-branded Samsung LTE modem]]
[[File:Huawei 4G+ Modem.jpg|thumb|right|Huawei 4G+ Dual Band Modem]]

The pre-4G [[3GPP Long Term Evolution]] (LTE) technology is often branded "4G – LTE", but the first LTE release does not fully comply with the IMT-Advanced requirements. LTE has a theoretical [[net bit rate]] capacity of up to 100&nbsp;Mbit/s in the downlink and 50&nbsp;Mbit/s in the uplink if a 20&nbsp;MHz channel is used — and more if [[multiple-input multiple-output]] (MIMO), i.e. antenna arrays, are used.

The physical radio interface was at an early stage named ''High Speed [[OFDM]] Packet Access'' (HSOPA), now named [[Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access]] (E-UTRA).
The first [[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]] USB dongles do not support any other radio interface.

The world's first publicly available LTE service was opened in the two Scandinavian capitals, [[Stockholm]] ([[Ericsson]] and [[Nokia Solutions and Networks|Nokia Siemens Networks]] systems) and [[Oslo]] (a [[Huawei]] system) on December 14, 2009, and branded 4G. The user terminals were manufactured by Samsung.<ref name="deepak kirdoliya">{{cite web |title=how to download youtube videos in jio phone – 4G/LTE – Ericsson, Samsung Make LTE Connection – Telecom News Analysis |url=https://quickblogsoft.blogspot.com/2019/01/how-to-download-youtube-videos-in-jio.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103060111/https://quickblogsoft.blogspot.com/2019/01/how-to-download-youtube-videos-in-jio.html |archive-date=January 3, 2019 |access-date=January 3, 2019 |website=quickblogsoft.blogspot.com |df=mdy-all}}</ref> As of November 2012, the five publicly available LTE services in the United States are provided by [[MetroPCS]],<ref name=MetroPCS>{{cite web |url=http://www.metropcs.com/presscenter/articles/mpcs-news-20100921.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924143409/http://www.metropcs.com/presscenter/articles/mpcs-news-20100921.aspx|archive-date=2010-09-24 |title=MetroPCS Launches First 4G LTE Services in the United States and Unveils World's First Commercially Available 4G LTE Phone |website=MetroPCS IR|date=21 September 2010 |access-date=April 8, 2011}}</ref> [[Verizon Wireless]],<ref name="VerizonLTE">{{cite news |author=Hiner |first=Jason |date=12 January 2011 |title=How AT&T and T-Mobile conjured 4G networks out of thin air |url=http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/hiner/how-at-t-and-t-mobile-conjured-4g-networks-out-of-thin-air/7361 |access-date=April 5, 2011 |website=TechRepublic}}</ref> [[AT&T Mobility]], [[U.S. Cellular]],<ref name="USCellular">{{cite web |author=Bennet |first=Brian |date=5 April 2012 |title=Meet U.S. Cellular's first 4G LTE phone: Samsung Galaxy S Aviator |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-1035_3-57409851-94/meet-u.s-cellulars-first-4g-lte-phone-samsung-galaxy-s-aviator/ |access-date=April 11, 2012 |work=CNet}}</ref> [[Sprint Corporation|Sprint]],<ref name=SprintTE>{{cite web |title=Sprint 4G LTE Launching in 5 Cities July 15 |url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2406401,00.asp |website=PC Magazine |access-date=November 3, 2012|date=27 June 2012}}</ref> and [[T-Mobile US]].<ref name="T-MobileLTE">{{cite web |title=We have you covered like nobody else |url=http://t-mobile-coverage.t-mobile.com |website=T-Mobile USA |access-date=April 6, 2013 |date=6 April 2013 |url-status=dead  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329064356/http://t-mobile-coverage.t-mobile.com/ |archive-date=March 29, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

T-Mobile Hungary launched a public beta test (called ''friendly user test'') on 7 October 2011, and has offered commercial 4G LTE services since 1 January 2012.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}}

In South Korea, SK Telecom and LG U+ have enabled access to LTE service since 1 July 2011 for data devices, slated to go nationwide by 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2011/07/05/sk-telecom-and-lg-u-launch-lte-in-seoul-fellow-south-koreans-s/ |title=SK Telecom and LG U+ launch LTE in Seoul, fellow South Koreans seethe with envy |date=5 July 2011 |access-date=July 13, 2011}}</ref> KT Telecom closed its 2G service by March 2012 and completed nationwide LTE service in the same frequency around 1.8&nbsp;GHz by June 2012.

In the United Kingdom, LTE services were launched by [[EE (telecommunications)|EE]] in October 2012,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://explore.ee.co.uk/our-company/newsroom/ee-launches-superfast-4g-and-fibre-for-uk-consumers-and-businesses-today |title=EE launches Superfast 4G and Fibre for UK consumers and businesses today |website=EE |date=October 30, 2012 |access-date=August 29, 2013 |archive-date=September 10, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910145340/http://explore.ee.co.uk/our-company/newsroom/ee-launches-superfast-4g-and-fibre-for-uk-consumers-and-businesses-today |url-status=dead }}</ref> by [[O2 (United Kingdom)|O2]] and [[Vodafone UK|Vodafone]] in August 2013,<ref>{{cite web|last=Miller |first=Joe |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-23868082 |title=Vodafone and O2 begin limited roll-out of 4G networks |website=BBC News |date=August 29, 2013 |access-date=August 29, 2013}}</ref> and by [[Three UK|Three]] in December 2013.<ref>{{cite web|last=Orlowski |first=Andrew |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/12/05/3_offers_free_us_roaming_confirms_stealth_4g_roll_out/ |title=Three offers free US roaming, confirms stealth 4G rollout |website=The Register |date=5 December 2013 |access-date=6 December 2013}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Data speeds of LTE<ref name="4g">{{Cite web |title=How fast are 4G and 5G? - Speeds and UK network performance |url=https://www.4g.co.uk/how-fast-is-4g/ |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=www.4g.co.uk}}</ref>
! !! LTE
|-
| Peak download || {{0}}150&nbsp;Mbit/s
|-
| Peak upload   || {{0}}{{0}}50&nbsp;Mbit/s
|}

==== Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e) ====
The [[Mobile WiMAX]] (IEEE 802.16e-2005) mobile wireless broadband access (MWBA) standard (also known as [[WiBro]] in South Korea) is sometimes branded 4G, and offers peak data rates of 128&nbsp;Mbit/s downlink and 56&nbsp;Mbit/s uplink over 20&nbsp;MHz wide channels. {{Citation needed|date=October 2010}}

In June 2006, the world's first commercial mobile WiMAX service was opened by [[KT (telecommunication company)|KT]] in [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]].<ref name="kt">{{cite web |url=http://www.biztechreport.com/story/1619-super-fast-4g-wireless-service-launching-south-korea |title=Super-Fast 4G Wireless Service Launching in South Korea |last=Shukla |first=Anuradha |date=October 10, 2011 |work=Asia-Pacific Business and Technology Report |access-date=November 24, 2011 |archive-date=November 18, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118210835/http://biztechreport.com/story/1619-super-fast-4g-wireless-service-launching-south-korea |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Sprint Corporation|Sprint]] has begun using Mobile WiMAX, as of 29 September 2008, branding it as a "4G" network even though the current version does not fulfill the IMT Advanced requirements on 4G systems.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2010/03/23/sprint-announces-seven-new-wimax-markets-says-let-atandt-and-ver/ |title=Sprint announces seven new WiMAX markets, says 'Let AT&T and Verizon yak about maps and 3G coverage' |website=Engadget|date=March 23, 2010 |access-date=April 8, 2010| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325023708/http://www.engadget.com/2010/03/23/sprint-announces-seven-new-wimax-markets-says-let-atandt-and-ver/| archive-date=March 25, 2010| url-status=live}}</ref>

In Russia, Belarus and Nicaragua WiMax broadband internet access were offered by a Russian company [[Scartel]], and was also branded 4G, [[Yota]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/yota-lte-idUSLDE64K1V920100521|title=UPDATE 1-Russia's Yota drops WiMax in favour of LTE|newspaper=Reuters|date=May 21, 2010}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Data speeds of WiMAX
! !! WiMAX
|-
| Peak download || {{0}}128&nbsp;Mbit/s
|-
| Peak upload   || {{0}}{{0}}56&nbsp;Mbit/s
|}

In the latest version of the standard, WiMax 2.1, the standard has been updated to be not compatible with earlier WiMax standard, and is instead interchangeable with LTE-TDD system, effectively merging WiMax standard with LTE.

==== TD-LTE for China market ====
{{Synthesis|section|date=April 2017}}

Just as [[3GPP Long Term Evolution|Long-Term Evolution]] (LTE) and WiMAX are being vigorously promoted in the global telecommunications industry, the former (LTE) is also the most powerful 4G mobile communications leading technology and has quickly occupied the Chinese market. [[TD-LTE]], one of the two variants of the LTE air interface technologies, is not yet mature, but many domestic and international wireless carriers are, one after the other turning to TD-LTE.

IBM's data shows that 67% of the operators are considering LTE because this is the main source of their future market. The above news also confirms IBM's statement that while only 8% of the operators are considering the use of WiMAX, WiMAX can provide the fastest network transmission to its customers on the market and could challenge LTE.

TD-LTE is not the first 4G wireless mobile broadband network data standard, but it is China's 4G standard that was amended and published by China's largest telecom operator – [[China Mobile]]. After a series of field trials, is expected to be released into the commercial phase in the next two years. Ulf Ewaldsson, Ericsson's vice president said: "the Chinese Ministry of Industry and China Mobile in the fourth quarter of this year will hold a large-scale field test, by then, Ericsson will help the hand." But viewing from the current development trend, whether this standard advocated by China Mobile will be widely recognized by the international market is still debatable.

=== Discontinued candidate systems ===

==== UMB (formerly EV-DO Rev. C) ====
{{Main|Ultra Mobile Broadband}}

UMB ([[Ultra Mobile Broadband]]) was the brand name for a discontinued 4G project within the [[3GPP2]] standardization group to improve the [[CDMA2000]] mobile phone standard for next generation applications and requirements. In November 2008, [[Qualcomm]], UMB's lead sponsor, announced it was ending development of the technology, favoring LTE instead.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/marketsNews/idUSN1335969420081113?rpc=401& Qualcomm halts UMB project], Reuters, November 13th, 2008</ref> The objective was to achieve data speeds over 275&nbsp;Mbit/s downstream and over 75&nbsp;Mbit/s upstream.

==== Flash-OFDM ====
At an early stage the [[Flash-OFDM]] system was expected to be further developed into a 4G standard.

==== iBurst and MBWA (IEEE 802.20) systems ====
The [[iBurst]] system (or HC-SDMA, High Capacity Spatial Division Multiple Access) was at an early stage considered to be a 4G predecessor. It was later further developed into the [[Mobile Broadband Wireless Access]] (MBWA) system, also known as IEEE 802.20.