Editing Abolition of monarchy (section)

== Atlantic and French Revolutions ==
{{Main|Atlantic Revolutions}}

=== American ===
{{Main|American Revolution|History of the United States}}
{{Further|American Revolutionary War|Patriot (American Revolution)|United States Declaration of Independence}}
[[File:Sprit of '76.2.jpeg|thumb|upright=1.1|''The Spirit of '76'', originally titled ''[[Yankee Doodle]]'', painted by [[Archibald Willard]] in 1875, is an iconic image representing the [[Spirit of '76 (sentiment)|patriotic sentiment]] surrounding the [[American Revolutionary War]].]]

Organized anti-monarchism in what is now the [[United States]] developed out of a gradual revolution that began in 1765, as colonists resisted a [[Stamp Act|stamp tax]] through boycott and condemnation of tax officials.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stamp Act crisis and significance|url=http://www.stamp-act-history.com/stamp-act/stamp-act-crisis-significance/|access-date=2022-11-16|language=en-US|website=University of Massachusetts History Club}}</ref> While they were subject to the authority of the [[Parliament of Great Britain]] (as the monarchy was a limited monarchy since 1660), the North American citizens increasingly clashed with the Parliament that did not provide seats for parliamentary representatives from North America. With the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] in 1776, anti-monarchical propaganda resulted in violent protests that systematically removed symbols of monarchy. For instance, an equestrian statue of [[George III]] in New York City was toppled. Parliamentary [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|loyalists]] were particularly affected by partisan attacks, with tens of thousands leaving for [[History of Canada (1763–1867)|British Canada]].<ref>{{Cite book |author= Maya Jasanoff |title= Liberty's Exiles: American Loyalists in the Revolutionary World |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=uGKsn09oVwQC&pg=PA357 |year= 2012|publisher= Random House |page= 357 |isbn= 978-1-4000-7547-8 }}</ref> Property that remained was confiscated by each of thirteen newly created [[U.S. state|States]] through newly passed laws.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Mark |last=Boonshoft|title=Dispossessing Loyalists and Redistributing Property in Revolutionary New York|url=https://www.nypl.org/blog/2016/09/19/loyalist-property-confiscation|access-date=2022-11-16|website=The New York Public Library|language=en}}</ref> Artifacts from the colonial period depicting the British monarchy are seldom found in the United States. However, not all sentiment equated to anti-monarchism. A normality of a monarchy at the head of a polity remained, that some Americans saw a [[President of the United States|presidency]] in monarchical terms, a Caesar of the republic, was an early debate in the new republic.<ref>Note for example: {{Cite book
| last1                 = Breen
| first1                = Timothy H.
| author-link1          = T. H. Breen
| chapter               = 4: Voices of the People
| title                 = George Washington's Journey: The President Forges a New Nation
| year = 2016
| url                   = https://books.google.com/books?id=53vfDQAAQBAJ
| location              = New York
| publisher             = Simon and Schuster
| publication-date      = 2017
| page                  = 120
| isbn                  = 978-1-4516-7543-6
| access-date            = 2017-02-24
| quote                 = If most Americans saw the danger of addressing Washington as their American Caesar – he had absolutely no interest in becoming emperor – they nevertheless found it surprisingly appealing.
}}</ref>

=== French ===
{{Main|French First Republic|French Revolution}}
{{Further|French Revolutionary Wars|Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy|Revolutions of 1830|Revolutions of 1848}}
[[File:Eugène Delacroix - Le 28 Juillet. La Liberté guidant le peuple.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''[[Liberty Leading the People]]'', painted by [[Eugène Delacroix]] in 1830, featuring a depiction of the modern French [[national personification]] [[Marianne]].|alt=A bare-breasted woman leads a revolutionary army over a barricade, holding aloft a French flag]]

One of the most significant abolitions of monarchy in history—along with the [[Dutch Republic]] of 1581–1795—involved the ''[[Ancien Régime]]'' in 1792 during the [[French Revolution]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Everdell |first=William R. |year=2000 |title=The End of Kings: A History of Republics and Republicans |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=0-226-22482-1|location=Chicago |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/endofkingshistor00ever}}</ref> The [[List of French monarchs|French monarchy]] was later restored several times with differing levels of authority. [[Napoleon]], initially a hero of the Republican revolution, crowned himself emperor in 1804, only to be replaced by the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon Restoration]] in 1815, which in turn was replaced by the more liberal [[July Monarchy]] in 1830.

The [[1848 Revolution]] was a clearer anti-monarchic uprising that replaced the succession of royal leaders with the short-lived [[Second French Republic]]. [[Napoleon III|Louis Napoleon Bonaparte]] established the [[Second French Empire]] (1852–1870), retaining republican aspects while placing himself in the center of the state until the losses in the [[Franco-Prussian War]] led to his fall, resulting in the [[French Third Republic]] and the definitive end of the monarchy in France. [[Monarchism in France|Monarchism]], which had held a majority in the National Assembly after the [[1871 French legislative election|1871 election]], slowly fizzled out over the course of the rest of the century.<ref>Compare the 1871 election results with those of [[1898 French legislative election|the end of the century]], in which monarchist candidates barely attained any seats.</ref>

=== Haitian ===
{{Main|Haitian Revolution}}
{{Empty section|small=no|find=Haitian Revolution|date=April 2023}}