Editing Abstract expressionism (section)

==== Gorky, Hofmann, and Graham ====

[[File:Gorky-The-Liver.jpg|thumb|left|[[Arshile Gorky]], ''The Liver is the Cock's Comb'' (1944), oil on canvas, 73{{fraction|1|4}} × 98" (186 × 249 cm) [[Albright–Knox Art Gallery]], [[Buffalo, New York]]. Gorky was an [[Armenians|Armenian]]-born American painter who had a seminal influence on abstract expressionism. De Kooning said: "I met a lot of artists — but then I met Gorky... He had an extraordinary gift for hitting the nail on the head; remarkable. So I immediately attached myself to him and we became very good friends."<ref>''Willem de Kooning'' (1969) by [[Thomas B. Hess]]</ref>]]

The 1940s in New York City heralded the triumph of American abstract expressionism, a modernist movement that combined lessons learned from Matisse, Picasso, Surrealism, [[Miró]], [[Cubism]], [[Fauvism]], and early Modernism via eminent educators in the United States, including Hans Hofmann from Germany and John D. Graham from Ukraine. Graham's influence on American art during the early 1940s was particularly visible in the work of Gorky, de Kooning, Pollock, and [[Richard Pousette-Dart]] among others. Gorky's contributions to American and world art are difficult to overestimate. His work as [[lyrical abstraction]]<ref name =dorment>Dorment, Richard. [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/art-reviews/7190303/Arshile-Gorky-A-Retrospective-at-Tate-Modern-review.html "Arshile Gorky: A Retrospective at Tate Modern, review"], ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', February 8, 2010. Retrieved May 24, 2010.</ref><ref>[http://www.artdaily.org/section/news/index.asp?int_sec=11&int_new=36171&int_modo=1 Art Daily] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227141320/http://www.artdaily.org/section/news/index.asp?int_sec=11&int_new=36171&int_modo=1 |date=December 27, 2011 }} retrieved May 24, 2010</ref><ref>[http://artdaily.org/index.asp?int_sec=2&int_new=37112 "L.A. Art Collector Caps Two Year Pursuit of Artist with Exhibition of New Work"], ArtDaily. Retrieved May 26, 2010. "Lyrical Abstraction ... has been applied at times to the work of Arshile Gorky"</ref><ref>[http://www.tate.org.uk/about/pressoffice/pressreleases/2010/21322.htm "Arshile Gorky: A Retrospective"], [[Tate]], February 9, 2010. Retrieved June 5, 2010.</ref><ref>Van Siclen, Bill. [http://www.projo.com/art/content/projo_20030710_artwrap10.5e2b3.html "Art scene by Bill Van Siclen: Part-time faculty with full-time talent"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622073303/http://www.projo.com/art/content/projo_20030710_artwrap10.5e2b3.html |date=June 22, 2011 }}, ''[[The Providence Journal]]'', July 10, 2003. Retrieved June 10, 2010.</ref> was a "new language.<ref name=dorment/> He "lit the way for two generations of American artists".<ref name=dorment/> The painterly spontaneity of mature works such as ''The Liver is the Cock's Comb'', ''The Betrothal II'', and ''One Year the Milkweed'' immediately prefigured Abstract expressionism, and leaders in the [[New York School (art)|New York School]] have acknowledged Gorky's considerable influence. The early work of [[Hyman Bloom]] was also influential.<ref name="chaet">{{cite journal|last1=Chaet|first1=Bernard|title=The Boston Expressionist School: A Painter's Recollections of the Forties|journal=Archives of American Art Journal|date=1980|volume=20|issue=1|page=28|jstor=1557495|publisher=The Smithsonian Institution|quote=[Thomas] Hess's favorite painter, Willem de Kooning...made it very clear to me in a conversation in 1954 that he and Jackson Pollock considered Bloom, whom they had discovered in ''Americans 1942'', 'the first Abstract Expressionist artist in America.'"|doi=10.1086/aaa.20.1.1557495|s2cid=192821072}}</ref> American artists also benefited from the presence of [[Piet Mondrian]], [[Fernand Léger]], Max Ernst, and the [[André Breton]] group, [[Pierre Matisse|Pierre Matisse's gallery]], and [[Peggy Guggenheim]]'s gallery [[The Art of This Century]], as well as other factors. Hans Hofmann in particular as teacher, mentor, and artist was both important and influential to the development and success of abstract expressionism in the United States. Among Hofmann's protégés was [[Clement Greenberg]], who became an enormously influential voice for American painting, and among his students was [[Lee Krasner]], who introduced her teacher, Hofmann, to her husband, Jackson Pollock.<ref>[http://www.hanshofmann.org/1940-1949, Hans Hofmann.org/1940-1949],</ref>