Editing Acala (section)

== Bīja and mantra ==
[[File:Bonji-hāṃ.png|left|thumb|115x115px|हाँ (''hāṃ''), Acala's seed syllable ([[Bījā|''bīja'']]) written in [[Siddhaṃ script]]]]
The ''[[bīja]]'' or seed syllables used to represent Acala in Japanese Buddhism are '''{{IAST|hāṃ}}''' ('''हां''' / '''हाँ''') and '''''hāmmāṃ''''' ('''हाम्मां''' / '''हाम्माँ'''), the latter being a combination of the two final ''bīja'' in his mantra: '''''hāṃ māṃ''''' ('''हां मां''').<ref name=":42">{{Cite book|last=Kodama|first=Giryū|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Y5-pwj_3x0C&pg=PA233|title=印と梵字ご利益・功徳事典: 聖なる象徴に表された諸尊の姿と仏の教え (In to bonji goriyaku / kudoku jiten: sei naru shōchō ni hyōsareta shoson no sugata to Hotoke no oshie)|date=2009|publisher=Gakken Publishing|isbn=978-4-05-404187-5|pages=233|language=ja}}</ref><ref name=":52">{{Cite web|title=Acala-Fudo Mantra|url=http://www.visiblemantra.org/acala-fudo.html|access-date=2020-11-28|website=Visible Mantra}}</ref> ''Hāṃ'' is sometimes confounded with the similar-looking {{IAST|hūṃ}} (हूं), prompting some writers to mistakenly identify Acala with other deities.<ref name="getty2">cf. Getty, Alice (1988). [[iarchive:godsofnorthernbu00gett|The Gods of Northern Buddhism: Their History and Iconography]]. Courier Dover Publications. p.170, which mistakenly conflates the two Niō with Acala (Fudō) and Rāgarāja (Aizen).</ref> The syllables are written using the [[Siddham script]] and is conventionally read as ''kān'' (カーン) and ''kānmān'' (カーンマーン).<ref name=":42" /><ref name="bonji-nyumon2">{{cite book|author=Sogeisha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rXbfpgKNHK4C&pg=PA14|title=梵字入門: 仏教美術考古学研究者のための|others=綜芸舎編集部|year=1967|isbn=9784794000040|pages=14–15| publisher=綜芸舎 |trans-title=For the Buddhist art archaeologists: Introduction to Sanskrit}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Miyasaka|first=Yūshō|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o6ngsSN-ATAC&pg=PA56|title=不動信仰事典 (Fudō-shinkō Jiten)|date=2006|publisher=Ebisu Kōshō Shuppan|isbn=978-4-900901-68-1|pages=334–335|language=ja}}</ref>

Three [[mantra]]s of Acala are considered to be the standard in Japan. The most widely known one, derived from the ''Mahāvairocana Tantra'' and popularly known as the "Mantra of Compassionate Help" (慈救呪, ''jikushu'' or ''jikuju''), goes as follows:<ref>{{Cite book|last=Giebel|first=Rolf W.|url=https://www.bdk.or.jp/document/dgtl-dl/dBET_T0848_Vairocana_2005.pdf|title=The Vairocanābhisaṃbodhi Sutra|publisher=Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research|year=2005|pages=63, 223}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rXbfpgKNHK4C|title=梵字入門 (Bonji nyūmon)|publisher=Sōgeisha|year=1967|isbn=978-4-7940-0004-0|pages=37–38|language=ja}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
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!Sanskrit
![[Shingon Buddhism|Shingon]] pronunciation
![[Tendai]] pronunciation
!English translation
|-
|''Namaḥ samanta vajrānāṃ caṇḍa-mahāroṣaṇa sphoṭaya hūṃ traṭ hāṃ māṃ''<ref name=":52" />
|''Nōmaku sanmanda bazarada(n) senda(n) makaroshada sowataya un tarata kan man''<ref name="naritasan2">{{Cite web|title=成田山のお不動さまとは – 大本山成田山新勝寺|url=https://www.naritasan.or.jp/about/ofudousama/|access-date=2020-11-28|website=成田山新勝寺 }}</ref><ref name="jishouin2">{{cite web|title=不動明王|url=http://www.jishouin.jp/article/article003/index.html|access-date=2020-11-29|website=真言宗 慈照院}}</ref>
|''Namaku samanda basaranan senda makaroshana sowataya un tarata kan man''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=六角堂について|url=https://www.tochigirokkakudo.or.jp/about/|access-date=2020-11-28|website=太平山虚空蔵尊六角堂|language=ja}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=陀羅尼・慈救呪・陀羅尼助|url=http://tobifudo.jp/newmon/okyo/darani.html|access-date=2020-11-28|website=飛不動 龍光山正寶院 (tobifudo.jp)}}</ref>
|Homage to the all-encompassing Vajras! O violent one of great wrath (''caṇḍa-mahāroṣaṇa''), destroy! ''hūṃ traṭ hāṃ māṃ.''
|}
[[File:BonjiHaammaam.png|thumb|180x180px|The seed syllable(s) हाम्माँ (''hāmmāṃ'') in Siddhaṃ script]]
The "Short Mantra" (小呪, ''shōshu'') of Acala - also found in the ''Mahāvairocana Tantra''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Giebel|first=Rolf W.|url=https://www.bdk.or.jp/document/dgtl-dl/dBET_T0848_Vairocana_2005.pdf|title=The Vairocanābhisaṃbodhi Sutra|publisher=Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research|year=2005|pages=65}}</ref> - is as follows:

{| class="wikitable"
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!Sanskrit
!Shingon pronunciation
!Tendai pronunciation
!English translation
|-
|''Namaḥ samanta vajrānāṃ hāṃ''<ref name=":52" />
|''Nōmaku sanmanda bazaradan kan''<ref name="goishizan2">{{cite web|date=2018-01-29|title=初不動の日|url=http://goishizan.com/2018/01/29/661/|access-date=2020-11-29|website=小豆島霊場 第二番 碁石山}}</ref><ref name="shinnaji2">{{cite web|title=不動明王のご真言|url=https://shinnaji.net/blog/genserieki/hudoumyouounogosingon/|access-date=2020-11-29|website=倉敷成田山心和寺}}</ref>
|''Namaku samanda basaranan kan''<ref name="Haneda264">{{cite book |last1=Haneda |first1=Shukai |title=不動明王から力をもらえる本 (Fudō Myōō kara chikara o moraeru hon) |date=2020 |publisher=Daihōrinkaku |page=264}}</ref>
|Homage to the all-encompassing Vajras! ''hāṃ.''
|}

The longest of the three is the "Great Mantra" of Acala, also known as the "Fire Realm Mantra" (火界呪, ''kakaishu'' / ''kakaiju''):<ref>{{Cite web|title=火界呪|url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%81%AB%E7%95%8C%E5%91%AA-459196|access-date=2020-12-02|website=コトバンク (kotobank)|language=ja}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sanskrit
!Shingon pronunciation
!Tendai pronunciation
!English translation
|-
|''Namaḥ sarva-tathāgatebhyaḥ sarva-mukhebhyaḥ sarvathā traṭ caṇḍa-mahāroṣaṇa khaṃ khā he khā he'' (or ''khāhi khāhi''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hatta|first=Yukio|title=現代語訳真言秘密行法 (Gendaigoyaku shingon himitsu gyōhō)|publisher=Tōhō Shuppan|year=1991|pages=504, 684}}</ref>) ''sarva-vighnaṃ hūṃ traṭ hāṃ māṃ''<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Akiyama|first1=Manabu|title=呉音から西洋古典語ヘ (第1部) 印欧語文献としての弘法大師請来密教経典|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/56652699.pdf|journal=文藝言語研究 言語篇 (Studies in Language and Literature: Language)|publisher=University of Tsukuba|volume=61|page=28|date=2012}}</ref>
|''Nōmaku saraba tatagyateibyaku saraba bokkeibyaku sarabata tarata senda makaroshada ken gyaki gyaki saraba bikin(n)an un tarata kan man''<ref name="jishouin2" /><ref name="goishizan2" /><ref name="shinnaji2" />
|''Namaku saruba tatagyateibyaku saruba mokkeibyaku sarubata tarata senda makaroshana ken gyaki gyaki saruba bikinan un tarata kan man''<ref name="Haneda264"/>
|Homage to all [[Tathāgata]]s, the omnipresent doors, who are in all directions! ''traṭ.'' O violent one of great wrath! ''khaṃ.'' Root out, root out every obstacle! ''hūm traṭ hām mām''.<ref>Translation based on Akiyama (2012). pp. 28-29.</ref>
|}

Another mantra associated with the deity is ''[[Om|Oṃ]] caṇḍa-mahā&shy;roṣaṇa hūṃ phaṭ'', found in the ''Siddhaikavīra Tantra''. The text describes it as the "king of mantras" that dispels all evil and grants "whatever the follower of Mantrayāna desires".<ref>{{cite web |title=The Tantra of Siddhaikavīra |url=https://read.84000.co/translation/toh544.html |website=84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha |access-date=2020-12-11}}</ref>