Editing Andragogy (section)

== Differences in learning: The Pedagogy, andragogy and heutagogy continuum ==
In the 20th century, adult educators began to challenge the application of pedagogical theory and teacher-centered approaches to the teaching of adults. Unlike children, adult learners are not transmitted knowledge. Rather, the adult learner is an active participant in their learning.  Adult students also are asked to actively plan their learning process to include identifying learning objectives and how they will be achieved.  Knowles (1980) summarized the key characteristics of andragogy in this model:  1) independency or self-directedness 2) using past experiences to construct learning, 3) association with readiness to learn, and 4) changing education perspectives from subject-centered one to performance centered perspectives.

A new educational strategy has evolved in response to globalization that identifies learners as self-determined, especially in higher education and work-place settings: [[heutagogy]], a process where students learn on their own with some guidance from the teacher. The motivation to learn comes from the students' interest in not only performing, but being recognized for their accomplishment (Akiyildiz, 2019).<ref>Akyildiz, S. T. (2019). Do 21st Century Teachers Know about Heutagogy or Do They Still Adhere to Traditional Pedagogy and Andragogy? ''International Journal of Progressive Education'', ''15''(6), 151–169.</ref> In addition, in heutagogy, learning is learner-centric - where the decisions relating to the learning process are managed by the student. Further, the student determines whether or not the learning objectives are met.

Differences between pedagogy, andragogy, and heutagogy include:<ref>{{Citation |last1=Glassner |first1=Amnon |title=Three "Gogies": Pedagogy, Andragogy, Heutagogy |date=2020 |work=Exploring Heutagogy in Higher Education: Academia Meets the Zeitgeist |pages=59–74 |editor-last=Glassner |editor-first=Amnon |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-15-4144-5_5 |isbn=978-981-15-4144-5 |last2=Back |first2=Shlomo |s2cid=218796406 |editor2-last=Back |editor2-first=Shlomo}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
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!Pedagogy
Children Learning
!Andragogy
Adult Learning
!Heutagogy
Self-directed Learning
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|'''Learner'''
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* The  learner is dependent on the [[Teacher|instructor]], the  teacher schedules all the activities; determining how, when and where they should take place
* Teacher  is the one who is responsible for what is taught and how it is taught
* Teacher  evaluates the learning
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* The learner is self-directed and moves towards independence
* Learner is responsible for the learning
* Students are able to self-evaluate

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* The learner is self-directed
* Learner is able to manage their own learning
* The learner uses their own experiences and those of others

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|'''Learner's''' 
'''Experience'''
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* There is little experience which could be gained from this  kind of learning
* Method  is [[didactic]]
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* There is large quantity of experience gained
* Method used is [[problem solving]], [[discussion]], [[service-learning]]
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* The learner is able to reflect on their experiences
* They are able to use experiences of other learners
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|'''Readiness''' 
'''to Learn'''
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* Standardized  curriculum set which will be based on societal needs
* Learning  is a goal to move to the next level
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* [[Curriculum]] is  more application based and it revolves around life experiences
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* Learning is self-determined
* The learner is able to manage their own learning
* Learning is driven by the potential to learn in new situations
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|'''Orientation to Learning''' 
'''and Role of Instructor'''
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* Teachers  support students in becoming learners and understanding learning needs
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* Adult  learning is task or problem centered
* Adults  may be asked to explore their own effective learning strategies
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* The learner is self-directed
* Learner is able to manage their own learning

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|'''Resources for Learning'''
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* Standardized  curriculum and resources
* Teachers  lead instructional methods
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* Resources  maybe provided by instructors but adults use their own (and other students')  experiences
* Adult  learners seek out additional resources
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* The learner is self-directed
* The learner is able to manage their own learning
* Instructors may provide some resources but the learner  negotiates their own learning

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|'''Motivation'''
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* Motivation  is by external pressure such as grading, class rank, completion of  grade-levels
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* Motivation is driven by internal motivation. Includes [[self-actualization]], [[self-confidence]] or  recognition
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* Self-efficacy—The learner is self-directed
* Learner is able to manage their own learning in new situations  and in working with others

|}