Editing Animal communication (section)

===Auditory===
{{main|Animal language}}
[[File:Birdsinging03182006.JPG|thumb|[[Bird call]]s can serve as alarms or keep members of a [[Flock (birds)|flock]] in contact, while the longer and more complex [[bird song]]s are associated with [[Bird#Breeding|courtship and mating]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Ehrlich, Paul R. |author2=David S. Dobkin |author3=Darryl Wheye |name-list-style=amp|url=http://www.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/SUFRAME.html|title="Bird Voices" and "Vocal Development" from Birds of Stanford essays|access-date=9 Sep 2008}}</ref>]]
{{Listen|filename=Corvus_brachyrhynchos_-_American_Crow_-_XC115429.ogg|pos=right|title=Crows flocking|description=A flock of [[American crow]]s.}}

[[file:Humpback-Whale-Song-on-the-Southern-Ocean-Feeding-Grounds-Implications-for-Cultural-Transmission-pone.0079422.s005.oga|left|thumb|Humpback whale singing at Southern Ocean feeding grounds.]]
Many animals communicate through vocalization. Vocal communication serves many purposes, including mating rituals, warning calls, conveying location of food sources, and social learning. In a number of species, males perform calls during mating rituals as a form of competition against other males and to signal to females. Examples include [[frogs]], [[hammer-headed bat]]s, [[red deer]], [[humpback whale]]s, [[elephant seal]]s, and [[songbird]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schwartzkopff|first=J|date=January 1977|title=Auditory Communication in Lower Animals: Role of Auditory Physiology|url=http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.ps.28.020177.000425|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|language=en|volume=28|issue=1|pages=61–84|doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.28.020177.000425|pmid=324382|issn=0066-4308|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Slabbekoorn|first1=Hans|last2=Smith|first2=Thomas B|date=2002-04-29|title=Bird song, ecology and speciation.|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=357|issue=1420|pages=493–503|doi=10.1098/rstb.2001.1056|issn=0962-8436|pmc=1692962|pmid=12028787}}</ref><ref name="Mikula">{{cite journal|author1=Mikula, P.|author2=Valcu, M.|author3=Brumm, H.|author4=Bulla, M.|author5=Forstmeier, W.|author6= Petrusková, T.|author7=Kempenaers, B. |author8= Albrecht, T.|name-list-style=amp|year=2021|title= A global analysis of song frequency in passerines provides no support for the acoustic adaptation hypothesis but suggests a role for sexual selection|journal=Ecology Letters|volume=24|issue=3|pages=477–486|doi= 10.1111/ele.13662|pmid=33314573|doi-access=free|bibcode=2021EcolL..24..477M }}</ref> Other instances of vocal communication include the [[alarm call]]s of the [[Campbell monkey]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zuberbühler|first=Klaus|date=2001|title=Predator-specific alarm calls in Campbell's monkeys, Cercopithecus campbelli|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/278414/files/Zuberb_hler_K._-_Predator-specific_alarm_calls-20170119.pdf|journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology|volume=50|issue=5 |pages=414–422|doi=10.1007/s002650100383 |bibcode=2001BEcoS..50..414Z }}</ref> the [[Territory (animal)|territorial]] calls of [[gibbon]]s, and the use of frequency in [[greater spear-nosed bat]]s to distinguish between groups.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Boughman|first=J W|date=1998-02-07|title=Vocal learning by greater spear-nosed bats.|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=265|issue=1392|pages=227–233|doi=10.1098/rspb.1998.0286|issn=0962-8452|pmc=1688873|pmid=9493408}}</ref> The [[vervet monkey]] gives a distinct alarm call for each of its four different predators, and the reactions of other monkeys vary appropriately according to the call. For example, if an alarm call signals a python, the monkeys climb into the trees, whereas the "eagle" alarm causes monkeys to seek a hiding place on the ground.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Price|first1=Tabitha|last2=Wadewitz|first2=Philip|last3=Cheney|first3=Dorothy|last4=Seyfarth|first4=Robert|last5=Hammerschmidt|first5=Kurt|last6=Fischer|first6=Julia|date=2015-08-19|title=Vervets revisited: A quantitative analysis of alarm call structure and context specificity|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=5|issue=1 |page=13220|doi=10.1038/srep13220|issn=2045-2322|pmc=4541072|pmid=26286236|bibcode=2015NatSR...513220P}}</ref> [[Prairie dogs]] also use complex calls that signal predator differences. According to [[Con Slobodchikoff]] and others, prairie dog calls communicate the type, size, and speed of an approaching predator.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Jabr|first=Ferris|date=2017-05-12|title=Can Prairie Dogs Talk? (Published 2017)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/12/magazine/can-prairie-dogs-talk.html|access-date=2020-10-25|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=New Language Discovered: Prairiedogese|url=https://www.npr.org/2011/01/20/132650631/new-language-discovered-prairiedogese|access-date=2020-10-25|website=NPR.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-10-27|title=YIPS, BARKS AND CHIRPS: THE LANGUAGE OF PRAIRIE DOGS|url=http://www.petroglyphsnm.org/wildsides/pdlanguage.html|access-date=2020-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027175605/http://www.petroglyphsnm.org/wildsides/pdlanguage.html|archive-date=2016-10-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Prairie dogs' language decoded by scientists {{!}} CBC News|language=en-US|work=CBC|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/prairie-dogs-language-decoded-by-scientists-1.1322230|access-date=2020-10-25}}</ref> &nbsp;[[Whale vocalization]]s have been found to have different [[Animal culture#Cetacean culture|dialect]]s based on social learning.<ref>{{Cite web|last=January 2006|first=Bjorn Carey 03|title=Whales Found to Speak in Dialects|url=https://www.livescience.com/512-whales-speak-dialects.html|access-date=2020-10-25|website=livescience.com|date=3 January 2006|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Weilgart|first1=Linda|last2=Whitehead|first2=H.|date=1997-05-01|title=Group-specific dialects and geographical variation in coda repertoire in South Pacific sperm whales|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s002650050343|journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology|language=en|volume=40|issue=5|pages=277–285|doi=10.1007/s002650050343|bibcode=1997BEcoS..40..277W |s2cid=11845118|issn=1432-0762|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mammalian acoustic culture was first discovered in [[Southern resident orcas#Sounds|southern resident orcas]] in 1978.<ref name="Ford, 1984">{{cite thesis |last1=Ford |first1=John Kenneth Baker |title=Call Traditions and Dialects of Killer Whales (Orcinus Orca) in British Columbia. |journal=Retrospective Theses and Dissertations, 1919-2007 |date=1984 |doi=10.14288/1.0096602 |publisher=[[University of British Columbia]] |page=284}}</ref><ref name="Souhaut & Shields, 2021">{{cite journal |author1=Souhaut M |author2=Shields MW |title=Stereotyped whistles in southern resident killer whales |journal=Aquatic Biology |date=2021 |volume=9 |pages=e12085 |publisher=[[PeerJ]]|doi=10.7717/peerj.12085 |pmid=34532160 |pmc=8404572 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Not all animals use vocalization as a means of auditory communication. Many [[arthropod]]s rub specialized body parts together to produce sound. This is known as [[stridulation]]. [[Crickets]] and [[grasshopper]]s are well known for this, but many others use stridulation as well, including [[crustacean]]s, [[spider]]s, [[scorpion]]s, [[wasp]]s, [[ant]]s, [[beetle]]s, [[Butterfly|butterflies]], [[moth]]s, [[millipede]]s, and [[centipede]]s. Another means of auditory communication is the vibration of [[swim bladder]]s in [[bony fish]]. The structure of swim bladders and the attached sonic muscles varies greatly across bony fish families, resulting in a wide variety of sounds.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ladich|first=Friedrich|date=2001|title=Sound-generating and -detecting motor system in catfish: Design of swimbladder muscles in doradids and pimelodids|journal=The Anatomical Record|language=en|volume=263|issue=3|pages=297–306|doi=10.1002/ar.1105|pmid=11455539|s2cid=24896586|issn=1097-0185|doi-access=free}}</ref> Striking body parts together can also produce auditory signals. A well-known example of this is the tail tip vibration of [[rattlesnake]]s as a warning signal. Other examples include bill clacking in birds, wing clapping in [[manakin]] courtship displays, and chest beating in [[gorillas]].<ref name=":12"/>

[[File:Groundhog-Standing2.jpg|thumb|An alert motionless [[groundhog]] whistles when alarmed to warn other groundhogs.]]
[[Burrowing animals|Burrowing animal]] species are known to whistle to communicate threats, and sometimes [[Brain|mood]]. Species such as the [[marmot]] species, including the [[groundhog]] (woodchuck), and the [[alpine marmot]] show this trait. [[Whistling]] is used by animals such as [[prairie dogs]] to communicate [[threats]], with prairie dogs having one of the most complex communication systems in the [[Animal|animal kingdom]]. Prairie dogs are able to communicate an animal's speed, shape, size, species, and for humans specific [[attire]] and if the human is carrying a [[gun]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cogs.sitehost.iu.edu/spackled/2009readings/Slobodchikoff%202009.PDF |title=Prairie dog alarm calls encode labels about predator colors. By: N. Slobodchiko V · Andrea Paseka · Jennifer L. Verdolin. Published 31 December 2008 ''via'' Springer-Verlag |access-date=3 June 2021 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214721/https://cogs.sitehost.iu.edu/spackled/2009readings/Slobodchikoff%202009.PDF |url-status=dead }}</ref> This method of communication is usually done by having a [[wikt:sentry|sentry]] stand on two feet and [[surveying]] for potential [[threats]] while the rest of the pack finds food. Once a threat has been identified the sentry sounds a whistle [[alarm]], (sometimes describing the threat) at which point the pack retreats to their burrows. The intensity of the threat is usually determined by how long the sentry whistles. The sentry continues to whistle the alarm until the entirety of the pack has gone to safety, at which point the sentry returns to the burrow.<ref>[https://sites.lifesci.ucla.edu/eeb-rmbl-marmots/wp-content/uploads/sites/190/2020/03/BlumsteinArmitage_1997_AB.pdf Alarm calling in yellow-bellied marmots: I. The meaning of situationally variable alarm calls by Daneil T. Blumstein & Kenneth B. Armitage Department of Systematics and Ecology, University of Kansas. Published by Animal Behavior, ''via'' UCLA Life Sciences]</ref>