Editing Apache Wars (section)

===Chiricahua wars===
[[File:DragoonMountains.JPG|thumb|The Dragoon Mountains, where Cochise hid with his warriors.]]

In 1851, near the [[Pinos Altos, New Mexico|Pinos Altos]] mining camp, Mangas Coloradas was attacked by a group of miners; they tied him to a tree and severely beat him. Similar incidents continued in violation of the treaty, leading to Apache reprisals against European Americans. In December 1860, thirty miners [[Battle of the Mimbres River|launched a surprise attack]] on an encampment of ''Bedonkohe'' on the west bank of the [[Mimbres River]] in retaliation for the theft of numerous livestock. According to the historian Edwin R. Sweeney, the miners "...{{nbsp}}killed four Indians, wounded others, and captured thirteen women and children."{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} The Apache quickly retaliated with raids against U.S. citizens and property.

In early February 1861, a group of Coyotero Apaches stole cattle and kidnapped the stepson of the rancher John Ward near [[Sonoita, Arizona]]. Ward sought redress from the nearby American Army. Lieutenant [[George Nicholas Bascom|George N. Bascom]] was dispatched, and Ward accompanied the detail. Bascom set out to meet with Cochise near [[Apache Pass]] and the [[Butterfield Overland Mail|Butterfield Overland Stagecoach]] station to secure the cattle and Ward's son. Cochise was unaware of the incident, but he offered to seek those responsible.{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}} Dissatisfied, Bascom accused Cochise of having been involved. He took Cochise and his group of family members, including his wife and children, under arrest. Angered, Cochise slashed his way from the tent and escaped. After further failed negotiations, Cochise took a member of the stage coach station hostage after an exchange of gunfire.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.desertusa.com/ind1/Cochise.html|title = Cochise and the Bascom Affair - DesertUSA}}</ref>

With Bascom unwilling to exchange prisoners, Cochise and his party murdered the members of a passing Mexican wagon train. The Apache murdered and ritually scalped nine Mexicans and took three whites captive but murdered them later. They were unsuccessful in attempting an ambush of a Butterfield Overland stagecoach. With negotiations between Cochise and Bascom at an impasse, Bascom sent for reinforcements. Cochise murdered the remaining four captives from the Butterfield Station and abandoned negotiations. Upon the advice of military surgeon Bernard Irwin, Bascom hanged the Apache hostages in his custody. The retaliatory executions became known as the [[Bascom affair]]; they initiated another eleven years of open warfare between the varying groups of Apache and the United States settlers, the U.S. Army and the [[Confederate States Army|Confederate Army]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}}

[[File:ApachePassAZ.JPG|thumb|left|[[Apache Pass]] as viewed from Fort Bowie]]

After the [[American Civil War]] began in April 1861, Mangas Coloradas and Cochise, his son-in-law, struck an alliance, agreeing to drive all Americans and Mexicans out of Apache territory. Their campaigns against the Confederates were the battles of [[Siege of Tubac|Tubac]], [[Battle of Cookes Canyon|Cookes Canyon]], [[Battle of the Florida Mountains|Florida Mountains]], [[Battle of Pinos Altos|Pinos Altos]] and [[First Battle of Dragoon Springs|Dragoon Springs]]. Other Apache war parties fought the Rebels as well; [[Mescalero]] Apache attacked and captured a herd of livestock at [[Fort Davis National Historic Site|Fort Davis]] on August 9, 1861, with the Apache murdering two guards in the process. The Army sent out a patrol to try to retrieve the livestock, and the Apache murdered them all in an ambush. Mangas Coloradas and Cochise were joined in their campaign by the chief [[Juh]] and the notable warrior [[Geronimo]]. They thought that they had achieved some success when the Americans closed the Butterfield Overland Stagecoach and Army troops departed, but those actions were related to the beginning of the Civil War.

The United States military leadership decided to move against the [[Confederate Arizona|Arizona Confederates]] in what the Union considered part of the [[New Mexico Territory]] by dispatching a column of Californian volunteers under Colonel [[James Henry Carleton]]. The [[California Column]], as it was known, followed the old Butterfield Overland Trail east. In 1862 the troops encountered Mangas Coloradas and Cochise's followers near the site of the spring in Apache Pass. In the [[Battle of Apache Pass]], soldiers shot and wounded Mangas Coloradas in the chest. While recuperating, he met with an intermediary to call for surrender with the United States.

In January 1863, Coloradas agreed to surrender to U.S. military leaders at [[Apache Tejo|Fort McLane]], near present-day [[Hurley, New Mexico|Hurley]] in southwestern [[New Mexico]]. Coloradas arrived to surrender to Brigadier General [[Joseph R. West|Joseph Rodman West]], an officer of the [[California]] militia. American soldiers took him into custody where he was later tried, found guilty of murder and executed.

Carleton then decided to move the Navajo and Apache to reservations. Initially, he intended to make the [[Rio Grande]] valley safer for settlement and end the raids on travelers. He began by moving various tribes of Mescalero and Navajo onto the reservation at [[Fort Sumner]]. He enlisted [[Kit Carson]], one-time friend of the [[Navajo]], to round them up by destroying their crops and livestock, and moving them on the [[Long Walk of the Navajo|Long Walk]] to Fort Sumner.