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Apocalypticism
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====Year 1000==== {{Main|List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events}} {{Further|Early Middle Ages#Europe in 1000}} [[File:Europe 1000.jpg|thumb|270px|upright|[[Western Europe]], the [[Holy Roman Empire]], [[Kievan Rus']], and the [[Byzantine Empire]] in the [[Middle Ages]] (year 1000)]] There is no current consensus among historians about widespread apocalypticism in the [[year 1000]]. Richard Landes, Johannes Fried, and others think there were widespread expectations, both hopes and fears.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Landes|first=Richard|date=2000|title=The Fear of an Apocalyptic Year 1000: Augustinian Historiography, Medieval and Modern|journal=Speculum|volume=75|issue=1|pages=97β145|doi=10.2307/2887426|jstor=2887426|s2cid=162710417|issn=0038-7134}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Duby|first=Georges|title=L'An Mil|date=1980|publisher=Gallimard|isbn=2-07-032774-4|location=[Paris]|oclc=28185855}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wagar|first=W. Warren|date=1991|title=Hillel Schwartz. Century's End: A Cultural History of the Fin de SiΓ¨cle from the 990s through the 1990s. New York: Doubleday. 1990. pp. 395. |journal=The American Historical Review|volume=96|issue=4|pages=1149|doi=10.1086/ahr/96.4.1149|issn=0002-8762}}</ref> The notion of a widespread expectation of the year 1000 first appeared during the Renaissance.<ref name=":0" /> Historians denounced it as a myth around 1900.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Burr|first=George Lincoln|date=1901|title=The Year 1000 and the Antecedents of the Crusades|journal=The American Historical Review|volume=6|issue=3|pages=429β439|doi=10.2307/1833508|jstor=1833508|issn=0002-8762}}</ref> There are many recorded instances of both fascination with the advent of the year 1000, and examples of apocalyptic excitement leading up to the year 1000, the most explicit and revealing examples provided by [[Rodulfus Glaber]]. Specifically in Western Europe, during the year 1000, Christian philosophers held many debates on when Jesus was actually born and the debates continue to today.<ref name="Castro Contributor 2014">{{cite web | last=Castro | first=Joseph | title=When Was Jesus Born? | website=[[Live Science]] | date=2014-01-30 | url=https://www.livescience.com/42976-when-was-jesus-born.html | access-date=2019-05-31 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620184534/https://www.livescience.com/42976-when-was-jesus-born.html | archive-date=2019-06-20 | url-status=live }}</ref> This caused confusion between the common people on whether or not the apocalypse would occur at a certain time. Because both literate and illiterate people commonly accepted this idea of the apocalypse, they could only accept what they heard from religious leaders on when the disastrous event would occur. Religious leader [[Abbo of Fleury]] believed that Jesus was born 21 years after year 1 which was commonly accepted by close circles of his followers. Abbot [[Heriger of Lobbes]], argued that the birth of Jesus occurred not during the year 1 but rather during the 42nd year of the common era. Eventually many scholars came to accept that the apocalypse would occur sometime between 979β1042.<ref name="Mario1000">{{cite journal |last1=Baghos |first1=Mario |title=Apocalypticism, the Year 1000, and the Medieval Roots of the Ecological Crisis |journal=Literature & Aesthetics |date=2006 |volume=26 |pages=83β102 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312057952 |access-date=4 June 2019}}</ref> Under the influence of the [[Sibylline Oracles]] and figures such as [[Otto III]] and Abbot [[Adso of Montier-en-Der]] many felt that the apocalypse would soon occur.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}} Some historians, such as [[Richard Landes]], think there were extensive apocalyptic expectations at the approach of the year 1000 and again at the approach of 1000 ''anno passionis'' (1033).<ref name="JSTORapoc1">{{cite journal | journal=Speculum | volume=75 | issue=1 | pages=97β145 | jstor=2887426 | last1=Landes | first1=Richard | s2cid=162710417 | title=The Fear of an Apocalyptic Year 1000: Augustinian Historiography, Medieval and Modern | year=2000 | doi=10.2307/2887426 | url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/52a0/3e96863a38b7488d430a5548999c31ef06da.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215021330/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/52a0/3e96863a38b7488d430a5548999c31ef06da.pdf | archive-date=2020-02-15 }}</ref> [[Alessandro Barbero]], on the other hand, claims that the fear of the year 1000 is a myth and there was no widespread apocalyptic sentiment. As evidence, he cites that on 31 December 999 Pope [[Pope Sylvester II|Sylvester II]] granted certain privileges and guarantees to the [[Princely Abbey of Fulda|Abbey of Fulda]], without any indication that either the pope or the abbot believed that the world was soon to end. Similarly, Barbero points out a document from 3 October 999 in which [[Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto III]] grants future concessions to [[Farfa Abbey]]. Another document in 999 shows two brothers taking a 29-year loan on lands of the abbey of San Marciano in Tortona, suggesting that even common people did not believe the world was ending.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Barbero|first=Alessandro|title=Medioevo: storia di voci, racconto di immagini|date=2015|publisher=GLF editori Laterza|others=Chiara Frugoni|isbn=978-88-581-1929-7|location=Roma|oclc=928760127}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-09|title=Alessandro Barbero, storico di SuperQuark, e la paura dell'anno mille (che non c'Γ¨ mai stata)|url=https://www.documentazione.info/alessandro-barbero-storico-di-superquark-e-la-paura-dellanno-mille-che-non-ce-mai-stata|access-date=2021-05-11|website=documentazione.info|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=InStoria β La paura dell'anno mille|url=http://www.instoria.it/home/paura_anno_mille_medioevo.htm|access-date=2021-05-11|website=www.instoria.it}}</ref> On the other hand, the fact that Otto III visited the tomb of Charlemagne, the emperor of the year 6000 (Annus Mundi) on Pentecost of the year 1000 suggests that even the man who appointed Sylvester pope, had his own views on the matter.
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