Editing Apomorphy and synapomorphy (section)

== Relations to other terms ==
These phylogenetic terms are used to describe different patterns of ancestral and derived character or&nbsp;trait&nbsp;states as stated in the above diagram in association with apomorphies and synapomorphies.<ref>Roderick D.M. Page; Edward C. Holmes (14 July 2009).&nbsp;[https://books.google.com/books?id=p2lWhjuK8m8C ''Molecular Evolution: A Phylogenetic Approach'']. John Wiley & Sons.&nbsp;{{ISBN|978-1-4443-1336-9}}.</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1 = Calow | first1 = Peter P. | name-list-style = vanc |title=Encyclopedia of Ecology and Environmental Management |date=2009 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4443-1324-6 | oclc = 1039167559 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JKTeiqPBpM4C&pg=PA552 }}</ref>
* [[Symplesiomorphy]] – an ancestral trait shared by two or more taxa.
** Plesiomorphy – a symplesiomorphy discussed in reference to a more derived state.
** Pseudoplesiomorphy – a trait that cannot be identified as either a plesiomorphy or an apomorphy that is a reversal.<ref>{{cite book | first1 = David | last1 = Williams | first2 = Michael | last2 = Schmitt | first3 = Quentin | last3 = Wheeler | name-list-style = vanc | title = The Future of Phylogenetic Systematics: The Legacy of Willi Hennig | publisher = Cambridge University Press | date = July 2016 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=J1GJDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA169 | isbn = 978-1-107-11764-8 }}</ref>
* Reversal – a loss of derived trait present in ancestor and the reestablishment of a plesiomorphic trait.
* Convergence – independent evolution of a similar trait in two or more taxa.
* Apomorphy – a derived trait. Apomorphy shared by two or more taxa and inherited from a common ancestor is synapomorphy. Apomorphy unique to a given taxon is autapomorphy.<ref>{{cite book | title = Plant Systematics | first = Michael G. | last = Simpson | name-list-style = vanc | location =  Amsterdam | work = Elsevier | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Ia2eIPVksMMC&pg=PA18 | date = 9 August 2011 | isbn = 9780080514048 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | first1 = Peter J. | last1 = Russell | first2 = Paul E. | last2 = Hertz | first3 = Beverly | last3 = McMillan | name-list-style = vanc | title = Biology: The Dynamic Science | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dVIWAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT572 | isbn = 978-1-285-41534-5 | publisher = Cengage Learning | year = 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Basics of Cladistic Analysis | first = Diana | last = Lipscomb | name-list-style = vanc | publisher = George Washington University | location = Washington D.C. | year = 1998| url = https://www2.gwu.edu/~clade/faculty/lipscomb/Cladistics.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | first = Supratim | last = Choudhuri | name-list-style = vanc | title = Bioinformatics for Beginners: Genes, Genomes, Molecular Evolution, Databases and Analytical Tools | edition = 1st | publisher =  Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-410471-6 | oclc = 950546876 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Guj1AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA51 | page = 51 | date = 2014-05-09 }}</ref>
** Synapomorphy/[[Homology (biology)|homology]] – a derived trait that is found in some or all terminal groups of a clade, and inherited from a common ancestor, for which it was an autapomorphy (i.e., not present in ''its'' immediate ancestor).
** ''Underlying synapomorphy'' – a synapomorphy that has been lost again in many members of the clade. If lost in all but one, it can be hard to distinguish from an autapomorphy.
** [[Autapomorphy]] – a distinctive derived trait  that is unique to a given taxon or group.<ref>Appel, Ron D.; Feytmans, Ernest.&nbsp;''Bioinformatics: a Swiss Perspective.''"Chapter 3: Introduction of Phylogenetics and its Molecular Aspects." World Scientific Publishing Company, 1st edition. 2009.</ref>
* Homoplasy in [[Cladistics|biological systematics]] is when a [[Phenotypic trait|trait]] has been gained or lost independently in separate lineages during evolution. This [[convergent evolution]] leads to species independently sharing a trait that is different from the  trait inferred to have been present in their common ancestor.<ref>{{cite web | title = Similarity Happens! The Problem of Homoplasy | url = https://evolutionnews.org/2012/04/similarity_happ/ | first = Ann | last = Gauger | name-list-style = vanc | date = April 17, 2012 | work = Evolution Today & Science News }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | first1 = Michael J. | last1 = Sanderson | first2 = Larry | last2 = Hufford | name-list-style = vanc | title = Homoplasy: The Recurrence of Similarity in Evolution | publisher = Elsevier | date = 21 October 1996 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WWGNzeNmRUYC&pg=PA92 | isbn = 978-0-08-053411-4 | oclc = 173520205 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Brandley MC, Warren DL, Leaché AD, McGuire JA | title = Homoplasy and clade support | journal = Systematic Biology | volume = 58 | issue = 2 | pages = 184–98 | date = April 2009 | pmid = 20525577 | doi = 10.1093/sysbio/syp019 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
** Parallel [[homoplasy]] –  derived trait present in two groups or species without a common ancestor due to [[convergent evolution]].<ref>{{cite journal | first = James W. | last = Archie | name-list-style = vanc | title = Homoplasy Excess Ratios: New Indices for Measuring Levels of Homoplasy in Phylogenetic Systematics and a Critique of the Consistency Index | journal = Systematic Biology | volume = 38 | issue = 1 | date = September 1989 | pages = 253–269 | doi = 10.2307/2992286 | jstor = 2992286 }}</ref>
** Reverse [[homoplasy]] – trait present in an ancestor but not in direct descendants that reappears in later descendants.<ref name="pmid21350170">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wake DB, Wake MH, Specht CD | title = Homoplasy: from detecting pattern to determining process and mechanism of evolution | journal = Science | volume = 331 | issue = 6020 | pages = 1032–5 | date = February 2011 | pmid = 21350170 | doi = 10.1126/science.1188545 | bibcode = 2011Sci...331.1032W | s2cid = 26845473}}
*{{cite press release |date=February 25, 2011 |title=Homoplasy: A good thread to pull to understand the evolutionary ball of yarn |website=ScienceDaily |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/02/110224161512.htm}}</ref>
* [[Incomplete lineage sorting|Hemiplasy]] is the case where a character that appears homoplastic given the species tree actually has a single origin on the associated gene tree.<ref name="pmid18570042">{{cite journal | vauthors = Avise JC, Robinson TJ | title = Hemiplasy: a new term in the lexicon of phylogenetics | journal = Systematic Biology | volume = 57 | issue = 3 | pages = 503–7 | date = June 2008 | pmid = 18570042 | doi = 10.1080/10635150802164587 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="pmid29078296">{{cite journal | vauthors = Copetti D, Búrquez A, Bustamante E, Charboneau JL, Childs KL, Eguiarte LE, Lee S, Liu TL, McMahon MM, Whiteman NK, Wing RA, Wojciechowski MF, Sanderson MJ | title = Extensive gene tree discordance and hemiplasy shaped the genomes of North American columnar cacti | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 114 | issue = 45 | pages = 12003–12008 | date = November 2017 | pmid = 29078296 | pmc = 5692538 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1706367114 | bibcode = 2017PNAS..11412003C | doi-access = free }}</ref> Hemiplasy reflects gene tree-species tree discordance due to the [[Multispecies coalescent process|multispecies coalescent]].