Editing Appanage (section)

==== House of Valois ====
The king who created the most powerful appanages for his sons was [[John II of France]]. His youngest son, [[Philip the Bold]], founded the second Capetian House of Burgundy in 1363. By marrying the heiress of Flanders, Philip also became ruler of the Low Countries.

King [[Charles V of France|Charles V]] tried to abolish the appanage system, but in vain. Provinces conceded in appanage tended to become ''de facto'' independent and the authority of the king was recognized there reluctantly. In particular the line of [[House of Valois|Valois]] [[Dukes of Burgundy]] caused considerable trouble to the French crown, with which they were often at war, often in open alliance with the English. Theoretically appanages could be reincorporated into the royal domain but only if the last lord had no male heirs. Kings tried as much as possible to rid themselves of the most powerful appanages. [[Louis XI]] retook the Duchy of Burgundy at the death of its last duke, [[Charles the Bold]]. [[Francis I of France|Francis I]] confiscated the [[Duke of Bourbon|Bourbonnais]], after the treason in 1523 of his commander in chief, [[Charles III, Duke of Bourbon]], the 'constable of Bourbon' (died 1527 in the service of [[Emperor Charles V]]).

The first article of the [[Edict of Moulins]] (1566) declared that the royal domain (defined in the second article as all the land controlled by the crown for more than ten years) could not be alienated, except in two cases: by interlocking, in the case of financial emergency, with a perpetual option to repurchase the land; and to form an appanage, which must return to the crown in its original state on the extinction of the male line.{{cn|date=December 2022}} The {{lang|fr|apanagist}} (incumbent) therefore could not separate himself from his appanage in any way.

After [[Charles V of France]], a clear distinction had to be made between titles given as names to children in France, and true appanages. At their birth the French princes received a title independent of an appanage. Thus, the [[Duke of Anjou]], grandson of [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]], never possessed Anjou and never received any revenue from this province. The king waited until the prince had reached adulthood and was about to marry before endowing him with an appanage. The goal of the appanage was to provide him with a sufficient income to maintain his noble rank.

The fief given in appanage could be the same as the title given to the prince, but this was not necessarily the case.

Only seven appanages were given from 1515 to 1789.