Editing Appeal to emotion (section)

===Negative emotions===
====Fear and anxiety====
The only widely studied emotion, with respect to persuasion, is [[fear]]. Fear has been found to force individuals "to break from routine and pay close attention to the external world," including persuasive messages. Moreover, fear has been found to encourage political engagement:
::"people are demonstrably more likely to engage in the political realm when they are anxious about the candidates. Uneasiness about the available political choices leads people to pay closer attention to the political environment. [...] people learn more about the candidates (that is they acquire new and accurate knowledge) when they are anxious but not when they are enthusiastic about those candidates who dominate the political field."<ref>George Marcus, Russell Neuman and Michael Mackuen, ''Affective Intelligence and Political Judgment'', University of Chicago Press, 2000, p. 128.</ref>

More generally, "fear is associated with both attitude and behavior change."<ref name=Nabi292>Robin L. Nabi, "Discrete Emotions and Persuasion," in "Persuasion and the Structure of Affect", ''The Persuasion Handbook'', Sage Publishing, p. 292.</ref> However, "four variables that may interact to influence processing depth of a fear-inducing message: (a) type of fear (chronic vs. acute), (b) expectation of a message containing reassuring information, (c) type of behavior advocated (e.g., disease detection vs. health promotion), and (d) issue familiarity."<ref name=Nabi292/>

====Guilt====
[[Guilt (emotion)|Guilt]] is the emotion that is experienced when an individual violates an internalized moral, ethical or religious belief. Guilt's effect on persuasion has been studied only cursorily. Not unlike fear appeals, the literature suggests that guilt can enhance attainment of persuasive goals if evoked to a moderate degree.<ref name=Nabi292/> However, messages designed to evoke excessive levels of guilt may instead arouse anger that may impede persuasive success.<ref name=Nabi292/>

====Anger====
[[Anger]]'s effect on persuasion has also seldom been studied. A couple of studies, however, "suggest that a positive relationship exists between anger and attitude change".<ref name=Nabi293/> Specifically, researchers found that "anger evoked in response to issues of juvenile crime and domestic terrorism correlated with acceptance of legislative initiatives proposed to address those issues".<ref name=Nabi293>Robin L. Nabi, "Discrete Emotions and Persuasion," in "Persuasion and the Structure of Affect", ''The Persuasion Handbook'', Sage Publishing, p. 293.</ref> Not unlike fear, anger was associated with close (central) information processing including of persuasive messages.<ref name=Nabi293/> However, "unintentionally induced anger in response to supposed guilt and fear appeals has been shown to correlate negatively with attitudes".<ref name=Nabi293/> The persuasive uses of anger have also been studied in political campaigns, since anger can be evoked strategically by politicians to increase the motivation and engagement of their sympathizers, although the historian [[Nicole Hemmer]] has noted that the potential for an American candidate to use anger effectively is contingent on their identity.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/07/opinions/biden-sanders-trump-anger-in-2020-hemmer/index.html |title=Only one kind of anger counts in the 2020 race |work=[[CNN]] |first=Nicole |last=Hemmer |date=7 March 2020 |access-date=18 July 2020}}</ref>

====Sadness====
[[Sadness]] arousal has been associated with attitude change in the context of [[AIDS]], [[illicit drugs]], and [[juvenile crime]].<ref name=Nabi294>Robin L. Nabi, "Discrete Emotions and Persuasion," in "Persuasion and the Structure of Affect", ''The Persuasion Handbook'', Sage Publishing, p. 294.</ref>

====Disgust====
[[Disgust]], in the context of messages opposing animal experimentation, is correlated negatively with attitude change. This is consistent with the idea that disgust results in a rejection of its source.<ref name=Nabi294/>