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Artificial general intelligence
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===Tests for human-level AGI{{Anchor|Tests_for_confirming_human-level_AGI}}=== Several tests meant to confirm human-level AGI have been considered, including:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muehlhauser |first=Luke |date=11 August 2013 |title=What is AGI? |url=http://intelligence.org/2013/08/11/what-is-agi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425115445/http://intelligence.org/2013/08/11/what-is-agi/ |archive-date=25 April 2014 |access-date=1 May 2014 |publisher=Machine Intelligence Research Institute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2019 |title=What is Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)? {{!}} 4 Tests For Ensuring Artificial General Intelligence |url=https://www.talkyblog.com/artificial_general_intelligence_agi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717071152/https://www.talkyblog.com/artificial_general_intelligence_agi/ |archive-date=17 July 2019 |access-date=17 July 2019 |website=Talky Blog |language=en-US}}</ref> ;[[Turing test|The Turing Test]] ([[Alan Turing|''Turing'']]) :[[File:Weakness of Turing test 1.svg|thumb|The [[Turing test]] can provide some evidence of intelligence, but it penalizes non-human intelligent behavior and may incentivize [[artificial stupidity]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Batson |first=Joshua |title=Forget the Turing Test: Here's How We Could Actually Measure AI |url=https://www.wired.com/2014/06/beyond-the-turing-test/ |access-date=2025-03-22 |magazine=Wired |language=en-US |issn=1059-1028}}</ref>]]Proposed by Alan Turing in his 1950 paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence", this test involves a human judge engaging in natural language conversations with both a human and a machine designed to generate human-like responses. The machine passes the test if it can convince the judge it is human a significant fraction of the time. Turing proposed this as a practical measure of machine intelligence, focusing on the ability to produce human-like responses rather than on the internal workings of the machine.{{Sfn|Turing|1950}} : Turing described the test as follows: {{Blockquote|text=The idea of the test is that the machine has to try and pretend to be a man, by answering questions put to it, and it will only pass if the pretence is reasonably convincing. A considerable portion of a jury, who should not be expert about machines, must be taken in by the pretence.<ref name="Turing1952">{{Cite book |last=Turing |first=Alan |title=Can Automatic Calculating Machines Be Said To Think? |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1952 |isbn=978-0-1982-5079-1 |editor-last=B. Jack Copeland |editor-link=Jack Copeland |publication-place=Oxford |pages=487ā506}}</ref>}} : In 2014, a chatbot named [[Eugene Goostman]], designed to imitate a 13-year-old Ukrainian boy, reportedly passed a Turing Test event by convincing 33% of judges that it was human. However, this claim was met with significant skepticism from the AI research community, who questioned the test's implementation and its relevance to AGI.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-06-09 |title=Eugene Goostman is a real boy ā the Turing Test says so |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/shortcuts/2014/jun/09/eugene-goostman-turing-test-computer-program |access-date=2024-03-03 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-09 |title=Scientists dispute whether computer 'Eugene Goostman' passed Turing test |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-27762088 |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=BBC News}}</ref> : In 2023, it was claimed that "AI is closer to ever" to passing the Turing test, though the article's authors reinforced that ''imitation'' (as "[[large language model]]s" ever closer to passing the test are built upon) is not synonymous with "intelligence". Further, as AI intelligence and human intelligence may differ, "passing the Turing test is good evidence a system is intelligent, failing it is not good evidence a system is not intelligent."<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kirk-Giannini |first1=Cameron Domenico |last2=Goldstein |first2=Simon |date=2023-10-16 |title=AI is closer than ever to passing the Turing test for 'intelligence'. What happens when it does? |url=https://theconversation.com/ai-is-closer-than-ever-to-passing-the-turing-test-for-intelligence-what-happens-when-it-does-214721 |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref> : A 2024 study suggested that [[GPT-4]] was identified as human 54% of the time in a randomized, controlled version of the Turing Testāsurpassing older chatbots like ELIZA while still falling behind actual humans (67%).<ref>{{Cite arXiv |last1=Jones |first1=Cameron R. |last2=Bergen |first2=Benjamin K. |title=People cannot distinguish GPT-4 from a human in a Turing test |eprint=2405.08007 |class=cs.HC |date=9 May 2024 }}</ref> : A 2025 preāregistered, threeāparty Turingātest study by CameronĀ R.Ā Jones and BenjaminĀ K.Ā Bergen showed that [[GPT-4.5]] was judged to be the human in 73% of fiveāminute text conversationsāsurpassing the 67% humanness rate of real confederates and meeting the researchersā criterion for having passed the test.<ref>{{cite arXiv |title=Large Language Models Pass the Turing Test |eprint=2503.23674 |date=2025-03-31 |last1=Jones |first1=Cameron R. |last2=Bergen |first2=Benjamin K. |class=cs.CL }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=AI model passes Turing Test better than a human |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/tech/ai-turing-test-chatgpt-openai-agi-b2728930.html |work=The Independent |date=2025-04-09 |access-date=2025-04-18}}</ref> ;The Robot College Student Test ([[Ben Goertzel|''Goertzel'']]) : A machine enrolls in a university, taking and passing the same classes that humans would, and obtaining a degree. LLMs can now pass university degree-level exams without even attending the classes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Varanasi |first=Lakshmi |date=21 March 2023 |title=AI models like ChatGPT and GPT-4 are acing everything from the bar exam to AP Biology. Here's a list of difficult exams both AI versions have passed. |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/list-here-are-the-exams-chatgpt-has-passed-so-far-2023-1 |access-date=30 May 2023 |website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref> ;The Employment Test ([[Nils John Nilsson|''Nilsson'']]) : A machine performs an economically important job at least as well as humans in the same job. AIs are now replacing humans in many roles as varied as fast food and marketing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naysmith |first=Caleb |date=7 February 2023 |title=6 Jobs Artificial Intelligence Is Already Replacing and How Investors Can Capitalize on It |url=https://www.yahoo.com/now/6-jobs-artificial-intelligence-already-150339825.html |access-date=30 May 2023}}</ref> ;The Ikea test ([[Gary Marcus|''Marcus'']]) : Also known as the Flat Pack Furniture Test. An AI views the parts and instructions of an Ikea flat-pack product, then controls a robot to assemble the furniture correctly.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turk |first=Victoria |date=2015-01-28 |title=The Plan to Replace the Turing Test with a 'Turing Olympics' |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-plan-to-replace-the-turing-test-with-a-turing-olympics/ |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=Vice |language=en}}</ref> ;The Coffee Test ([[Steve Wozniak|''Wozniak'']]) : A machine is required to enter an average American home and figure out how to make coffee: find the coffee machine, find the coffee, add water, find a mug, and brew the coffee by pushing the proper buttons.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gopani |first=Avi |date=2022-05-25 |title=Turing Test is unreliable. The Winograd Schema is obsolete. Coffee is the answer. |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/turing-test-is-unreliable-the-winograd-schema-is-obsolete-coffee-is-the-answer/ |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=Analytics India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> This has not yet been completed. ;The Modern Turing Test (''[[Mustafa Suleyman|Suleyman]]'') : An AI model is given $100,000 and has to obtain $1 million.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhaimiya |first=Sawdah |date=June 20, 2023 |title=DeepMind's co-founder suggested testing an AI chatbot's ability to turn $100,000 into $1 million to measure human-like intelligence |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/deepmind-co-founder-suggests-new-turing-test-ai-chatbots-report-2023-6 |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Suleyman |first=Mustafa |date=July 14, 2023 |title=Mustafa Suleyman: My new Turing test would see if AI can make $1 million |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/07/14/1076296/mustafa-suleyman-my-new-turing-test-would-see-if-ai-can-make-1-million/ |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=MIT Technology Review |language=en}}</ref>
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